When I was studying ancient Rome
When I was studying ancient Rome

one of the most difficult things for me to understand is
one of the most difficult things for me to understand is

how all of these ancient ruins fit together,
how all of these ancient ruins fit together,

but luckily we have Dr. Bernard Frischer
but luckily we have Dr. Bernard Frischer

who has built an extraordinary video simulation
who has built an extraordinary video simulation

that allows us to move through this space.
that allows us to move through this space.

The difficulty is always two-fold.
The difficulty is always two-fold.

First of all, that ancient cities are now in ruins
First of all, that ancient cities are now in ruins

so the one problem we have is
so the one problem we have is

how do you go from ruins to the way
how do you go from ruins to the way

it did look in antiquity.
it did look in antiquity.

Secondly, we only have random ruins,
Secondly, we only have random ruins,

we don't have everything.
we don't have everything.

So even if you can visualize what the Pantheon looks like
So even if you can visualize what the Pantheon looks like

or the Colosseum,
or the Colosseum,

they are a mile apart in the city .
they are a mile apart in the city .

What was everything else? Most of it is missing.
What was everything else? Most of it is missing.

So the visualization is trying to put the whole city together
So the visualization is trying to put the whole city together

And so let's take a look. Okay.
And so let's take a look. Okay.

It is just beautiful.
It is just beautiful.

We're now flying low over the city, over the Tibre.
We're now flying low over the city, over the Tibre.

It's a good place to start because you know,
It's a good place to start because you know,

the Tibre does divide Rome into two parts.
the Tibre does divide Rome into two parts.

And I see in the distance a very large temple.
And I see in the distance a very large temple.

That's the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus.
That's the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus.

Jupiter, the best and the greatest,
Jupiter, the best and the greatest,

which was the main temple of the Roman state cult.
which was the main temple of the Roman state cult.

And it's on top of the Capitoline Hill
And it's on top of the Capitoline Hill

which because of this temple and some others,
which because of this temple and some others,

was considered the center of the state cult
was considered the center of the state cult

and the state religion.
and the state religion.

So what moment in Rome's history have you chosen?
So what moment in Rome's history have you chosen?

This is notionally the year 320 AD,
This is notionally the year 320 AD,

the peak of Rome's urban development,
the peak of Rome's urban development,

certainly in terms of public architecture
certainly in terms of public architecture

for the simple reason that
for the simple reason that

the Emperor at this time was Constantine the Great
the Emperor at this time was Constantine the Great

and shortly after this year
and shortly after this year

he moved the capital from Rome
he moved the capital from Rome

to his city of Constantinople.
to his city of Constantinople.

Ok so we're flying up the river
Ok so we're flying up the river

and after the Capitoline Hill we see the Palatine Hill,
and after the Capitoline Hill we see the Palatine Hill,

another one of the seven canonical hills of Rome.
another one of the seven canonical hills of Rome.

And the Palatine is obvious to anybody who visits Rome.
And the Palatine is obvious to anybody who visits Rome.

If you're in the forum,
If you're in the forum,

this is the great hill with the palaces.
this is the great hill with the palaces.

In fact, the word palace derives from the word Palatine.
In fact, the word palace derives from the word Palatine.

The Romans, as time went on in their history,
The Romans, as time went on in their history,

said "where ever the emperor is, there the palace is,"
said "where ever the emperor is, there the palace is,"

or the paletine. So, the term palace got detached
or the paletine. So, the term palace got detached

from this physical hill
from this physical hill

and came to just mean "a place where the ruler lives".
and came to just mean "a place where the ruler lives".

And actually as we're flying past
And actually as we're flying past

what is the Circus Maximus,
what is the Circus Maximus,

I see the imperial palace, it is so large.
I see the imperial palace, it is so large.

It is literally enveloped the entire hillside.
It is literally enveloped the entire hillside.

We have to remember this was not only
We have to remember this was not only

where the emperor lived, and his family with him,
where the emperor lived, and his family with him,

but it was also the center of the government.
but it was also the center of the government.

any important relationship
any important relationship

between this enormous circus and the palace?
between this enormous circus and the palace?

They are in fact connected
They are in fact connected

and the Emperor was a great giver of the circus games
and the Emperor was a great giver of the circus games

and could easily come down to the Imperial box
and could easily come down to the Imperial box

from the palace,
from the palace,

or if he even wanted
or if he even wanted

he could watch the circus races at the Palace.
he could watch the circus races at the Palace.

So we're not talking about Barnum & Bailey,
So we're not talking about Barnum & Bailey,

we're talking about sporting events.
we're talking about sporting events.

We're mainly talking about chariot races.
We're mainly talking about chariot races.

Think Ben Hur, the very famous chariot race scenes.
Think Ben Hur, the very famous chariot race scenes.

And there were also animal hunts,
And there were also animal hunts,

there were parades, religious processions,
there were parades, religious processions,

and the triumphal processions.
and the triumphal processions.

So let's go into the city proper. We know that
So let's go into the city proper. We know that

Rome was this mercantile culture that has real markets.
Rome was this mercantile culture that has real markets.

How much do we know about
How much do we know about

the daily lives of the inhabitants?
the daily lives of the inhabitants?

We know a huge amount.
We know a huge amount.

We know about their hundreds of trades and professions,
We know about their hundreds of trades and professions,

the different social classes.
the different social classes.

We know about their diet, we know about their longevity.
We know about their diet, we know about their longevity.

The scholars have really reconstructed in great detail
The scholars have really reconstructed in great detail

what everyday life was like.
what everyday life was like.

So one of the most impressive structures
So one of the most impressive structures

that I'm seeing is this aqueduct, this highway for water.
that I'm seeing is this aqueduct, this highway for water.

Yeah, the Romans are famous for their aqueducts.
Yeah, the Romans are famous for their aqueducts.

They never could have had their big city
They never could have had their big city

of a million or even the 2 million that
of a million or even the 2 million that

we're now seeing without the aqueducts
we're now seeing without the aqueducts

that brought water in from
that brought water in from

20 or 30 miles away in the mountains.
20 or 30 miles away in the mountains.

They kept this gravitational sytem working
They kept this gravitational sytem working

by getting the sources up into the mountains,
by getting the sources up into the mountains,

bringing it down into the city
bringing it down into the city

and the valley which gave the force to the water.
and the valley which gave the force to the water.

And they were able to somehow calculate
And they were able to somehow calculate

a slope of even just 1 foot every 2000 feet,
a slope of even just 1 foot every 2000 feet,

which is remarkable.
which is remarkable.

We don't know how they could measure so accurately
We don't know how they could measure so accurately

so that the water kept moving gently downhill
so that the water kept moving gently downhill

but relentlessly downhill.
but relentlessly downhill.

There is this kind of ambition,
There is this kind of ambition,

this notion that man can control nature.
this notion that man can control nature.

It does not need to build a city where the water is already,
It does not need to build a city where the water is already,

but one can actually bend nature to man's will.
but one can actually bend nature to man's will.

The Romans were remarkable engineers.
The Romans were remarkable engineers.

They used the water for drinking purposes,
They used the water for drinking purposes,

obviously cooking, and so on.
obviously cooking, and so on.

But also a lot of these aqueducts
But also a lot of these aqueducts

ended at great fountains,
ended at great fountains,

but also in the great public baths.
but also in the great public baths.

So this area seems to be sort of set apart from
So this area seems to be sort of set apart from

this denser, urban part of the city,
this denser, urban part of the city,

and these are the baths of Trajan.
and these are the baths of Trajan.

Yes, these were not the first public baths,
Yes, these were not the first public baths,

but they were the baths
but they were the baths

that gave the standard design for public baths.
that gave the standard design for public baths.

Block of bathing buildings
Block of bathing buildings

in the middle of a kind of garden area,
in the middle of a kind of garden area,

delimited by a wall.
delimited by a wall.

And we were talking earlier about the way
And we were talking earlier about the way

in which the emperors would provide for
in which the emperors would provide for

the well- being of the city,
the well- being of the city,

and this is really a prime example.
and this is really a prime example.

So now we are moving to some of the most
So now we are moving to some of the most

well known monuments in ancient Rome.
well known monuments in ancient Rome.

The Colosseum.
The Colosseum.

But we're in a fairly late moment in Roman history.
But we're in a fairly late moment in Roman history.

Before the Colosseum, wasn't there another palace here?
Before the Colosseum, wasn't there another palace here?

There was.
There was.

The Colosseum was built by the emperor of Vespasian,
The Colosseum was built by the emperor of Vespasian,

who became emperor in 69 AD.
who became emperor in 69 AD.

After the suicide of Nero, a very unpopular emperor.
After the suicide of Nero, a very unpopular emperor.

One of the reasons he was so unpopular was that
One of the reasons he was so unpopular was that

after the great fire of 64 AD
after the great fire of 64 AD

in which a lot of the city was destroyed,
in which a lot of the city was destroyed,

he took over 100 acres in the heart of the city
he took over 100 acres in the heart of the city

and converted it from private property
and converted it from private property

to his own personal use as a palace.
to his own personal use as a palace.

The Golden House of Nero.
The Golden House of Nero.

And the Colosseum was actually a lake in that palace.
And the Colosseum was actually a lake in that palace.

And Vespasian,
And Vespasian,

to show that he was a friend of the people,
to show that he was a friend of the people,

filled in that lake and built a Colosseum on top of it.
filled in that lake and built a Colosseum on top of it.

The Colosseum was not originally called the Colosseum.
The Colosseum was not originally called the Colosseum.

No. That's a term that
No. That's a term that

only goes back to the early middle ages.
only goes back to the early middle ages.

The Romans called it the Flavian Amphitheatre
The Romans called it the Flavian Amphitheatre

because the Vespasians' family name was Flavius,
because the Vespasians' family name was Flavius,

so Flavian.
so Flavian.

And it's an Amphitheatre, or kind of a double theatre,
And it's an Amphitheatre, or kind of a double theatre,

an oval in shape.
an oval in shape.

The Romans certainly didn't call it Colosseum,
The Romans certainly didn't call it Colosseum,

but they did call this enormous statue the Colossus.
but they did call this enormous statue the Colossus.

It's a statue of the sun god.
It's a statue of the sun god.

Now you have mentioned that this is the moment
Now you have mentioned that this is the moment

when Constantine rules Rome
when Constantine rules Rome

and has not yet moved the capital to the east.
and has not yet moved the capital to the east.

And it's interesting to look at his arch,
And it's interesting to look at his arch,

the arch of Constantine,
the arch of Constantine,

and realize that this is brand new.
and realize that this is brand new.

It's only a couple of years old,
It's only a couple of years old,

Constantine left Rome after he defeated Maxentius
Constantine left Rome after he defeated Maxentius

at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge.
at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge.

As far as we know,
As far as we know,

he never came back to Rome to actually see it.
he never came back to Rome to actually see it.

So we've just risen over the edge of the Colosseum
So we've just risen over the edge of the Colosseum

and we're looking down.
and we're looking down.

This is in a way, a mirror of Roman society.
This is in a way, a mirror of Roman society.

The best seats are the ones farthest down,
The best seats are the ones farthest down,

closest to the arena,
closest to the arena,

and that was reserved for the emperor,
and that was reserved for the emperor,

top office holders, priests, and so on.
top office holders, priests, and so on.

Then behind them were the senators.
Then behind them were the senators.

Behind them, the wealthy business men.
Behind them, the wealthy business men.

And behind them, the free born, normal citizens.
And behind them, the free born, normal citizens.

At the very top, sat women, slaves, and foreigners.
At the very top, sat women, slaves, and foreigners.

So what were they coming to watch?
So what were they coming to watch?

As we can see now what's going on
As we can see now what's going on

is the main thing that we associate with the Colosseum,
is the main thing that we associate with the Colosseum,

the gladiatorial combats.
the gladiatorial combats.

Another thing that went on here that
Another thing that went on here that

the Romans loved was hunts of wild animals.
the Romans loved was hunts of wild animals.

The third thing is the execution of criminals.
The third thing is the execution of criminals.

Often in very colorful ways.
Often in very colorful ways.

Ways we would find very cruel.
Ways we would find very cruel.

So let's make a left turn and move towards the forum.
So let's make a left turn and move towards the forum.

What is that enormous temple?
What is that enormous temple?

It's the biggest temple of the state religion.
It's the biggest temple of the state religion.

It's the temple of Venus and Rome.
It's the temple of Venus and Rome.

It was built by the emperor Hadrian.
It was built by the emperor Hadrian.

It's actually interesting because
It's actually interesting because

it's two temples back-to-back.
it's two temples back-to-back.

One part of it is dedicated to the worship
One part of it is dedicated to the worship

of the goddess, Venus.
of the goddess, Venus.

That's the one facing the Coliseum.
That's the one facing the Coliseum.

The other, to the goddess, Roma, that's facing the forum.
The other, to the goddess, Roma, that's facing the forum.

And there seems to be a reason for that.
And there seems to be a reason for that.

Venus is looking at the Colosseum
Venus is looking at the Colosseum

which is associated with fun and games.
which is associated with fun and games.

Otium, the Romans would say. Leisure.
Otium, the Romans would say. Leisure.

Whereas Roma is a more serious goddess.
Whereas Roma is a more serious goddess.

She's facing the forum which is the area of negotium,
She's facing the forum which is the area of negotium,

or business and work.
or business and work.

Ok, so now we're moving over to the forum itself.
Ok, so now we're moving over to the forum itself.

And we'll stop first at the Basilica of Maxentius,
And we'll stop first at the Basilica of Maxentius,

the last of the great civic buildings
the last of the great civic buildings

built in Rome before Constantine moved the capital.
built in Rome before Constantine moved the capital.

This is a huge structure
This is a huge structure

and the word Basilica is familiar to us.
and the word Basilica is familiar to us.

We often call churches "basilicas" now.
We often call churches "basilicas" now.

For the Romans it was a civic building
For the Romans it was a civic building

used mainly for courts,
used mainly for courts,

the Christians adopted the building forum
the Christians adopted the building forum

because they worshipped inside,
because they worshipped inside,

so they adopted this preexisting building forum
so they adopted this preexisting building forum

and gave it a new content.
and gave it a new content.

So now we're moving into
So now we're moving into

one of the most complicated parts of Rome,
one of the most complicated parts of Rome,

especially when you try to look at the ruins
especially when you try to look at the ruins

and understand how these buildings related to each other.
and understand how these buildings related to each other.

I always say the forum is like the wall in Washington.
I always say the forum is like the wall in Washington.

It's a big open public space
It's a big open public space

used for public events like parades and speeches.
used for public events like parades and speeches.

The buildings around that open space are also public
The buildings around that open space are also public

and they are courthouses and temples.
and they are courthouses and temples.

Then, on the forum plaza are,
Then, on the forum plaza are,

as in the case of the wall in Washington,
as in the case of the wall in Washington,

monuments commemorating
monuments commemorating

great men and important events.
great men and important events.

Adjacent to the forum,
Adjacent to the forum,

private property was increasingly bought up
private property was increasingly bought up

so that each emperor could build his own forum,
so that each emperor could build his own forum,

the so called imperial fora of the emperors.
the so called imperial fora of the emperors.

We've made a full circle
We've made a full circle

and we're now looking again at the Capitoline.
and we're now looking again at the Capitoline.

We're flying over the Roman forum,
We're flying over the Roman forum,

we'll acutally come back to it.
we'll acutally come back to it.

We're flying over the Capitoline hill,
We're flying over the Capitoline hill,

we can see the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus,
we can see the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus,

and we're going beyond, back to the river,
and we're going beyond, back to the river,

where we find a big flat area of Rome
where we find a big flat area of Rome

called the Campus Martius,
called the Campus Martius,

the field of Mars.
the field of Mars.

It was called that because in the Roman republic
It was called that because in the Roman republic

when there was a citizen army,
when there was a citizen army,

the army would meet here and train.
the army would meet here and train.

Now, we've just moved over this lovely squared pond,
Now, we've just moved over this lovely squared pond,

and we're looking at the flank
and we're looking at the flank

of an enormously important building, the Pantheon.
of an enormously important building, the Pantheon.

The rotunda, the round part,
The rotunda, the round part,

we wouldn't really see in antiquity.
we wouldn't really see in antiquity.

We would see the part that has the eight columns
We would see the part that has the eight columns

across the front that looks like a traditional temple.
across the front that looks like a traditional temple.

We like to say that it was built as a building
We like to say that it was built as a building

with a surprise on the inside.
with a surprise on the inside.

Because it does look like a regular
Because it does look like a regular

Greek or Roman temple
Greek or Roman temple

but when you get inside,
but when you get inside,

that's when you notice that there's actually a rotunda.
that's when you notice that there's actually a rotunda.

I just want to spend just a second
I just want to spend just a second

marvelling at the scale of this structure.
marvelling at the scale of this structure.

Look at those columns, they are enormous.
Look at those columns, they are enormous.

The ability to get stones that large upright
The ability to get stones that large upright

is just a phenomenal feat in itself.
is just a phenomenal feat in itself.

It's phenomenal and even more so when you consider that
It's phenomenal and even more so when you consider that

this is granite, and it's all from Egypt.
this is granite, and it's all from Egypt.

So it was brought from very far away.
So it was brought from very far away.

This is a building that celebrates the Roman emperors.
This is a building that celebrates the Roman emperors.

This building we know had statues of
This building we know had statues of

Julius Caesar and Augustus,
Julius Caesar and Augustus,

so we think that this building was dedicated always
so we think that this building was dedicated always

to the worship of the emperors.
to the worship of the emperors.

So this space opens up just magically.
So this space opens up just magically.

It does, and the magic is really remarkable,
It does, and the magic is really remarkable,

I've taken many visitors there,
I've taken many visitors there,

and I've asked them
and I've asked them

if they've had the same experience that I've had.
if they've had the same experience that I've had.

If you stop right on the threshold,
If you stop right on the threshold,

and you hold your head straight, I always say,
and you hold your head straight, I always say,

"what can you see?" And everybody always agrees.
"what can you see?" And everybody always agrees.

You can see the hole in the dome up at the top,
You can see the hole in the dome up at the top,

we call it the eye.
we call it the eye.

You can see the floor,
You can see the floor,

and you can see the two sides left and right.
and you can see the two sides left and right.

That is to say that this is a grandiose space.
That is to say that this is a grandiose space.

But it's right at the limit of human vision,
But it's right at the limit of human vision,

and for me it always defines what is the classical,
and for me it always defines what is the classical,

which is always derived from the human form,
which is always derived from the human form,

its proportions and its limitations.
its proportions and its limitations.

And by building a building that exactly
And by building a building that exactly

corresponds to the limits of our vision it ennobles us.
corresponds to the limits of our vision it ennobles us.

It makes us feel as big and great
It makes us feel as big and great

as we can feel as humans.
as we can feel as humans.

It doesn't reduce us. Had it been ten times bigger,
It doesn't reduce us. Had it been ten times bigger,

we would have felt ourselves
we would have felt ourselves

reduced to the size of an ant, or something.
reduced to the size of an ant, or something.

The building is obsessively concerned with circular form.
The building is obsessively concerned with circular form.

But it is also concerned with squares.
But it is also concerned with squares.

We look at the floor we actually see
We look at the floor we actually see

this play of squares and circles.
this play of squares and circles.

And then of course there are the coffers
And then of course there are the coffers

that create this beautiful sense of rhythm.
that create this beautiful sense of rhythm.

Absolutely. And notice we also there
Absolutely. And notice we also there

get the play of squares and circles,
get the play of squares and circles,

because these are square coffers that
because these are square coffers that

give us a semi circular dome.
give us a semi circular dome.

But what's interesting to me about it is
But what's interesting to me about it is

first of all it's painted,
first of all it's painted,

when you go there today,
when you go there today,

the paint has been completely lost.
the paint has been completely lost.

In a dome of heaven motifs.
In a dome of heaven motifs.

So the ground of the dome is painted blue.
So the ground of the dome is painted blue.

The coffers are highlighted in yellow as if
The coffers are highlighted in yellow as if

radiating the light of the sun,
radiating the light of the sun,

and in the middle were probably rosettes
and in the middle were probably rosettes

that are supposed to be suns or stars.
that are supposed to be suns or stars.

And even in antiquity we know from a historian
And even in antiquity we know from a historian

who wrote only a hundred years
who wrote only a hundred years

after the building was built.
after the building was built.

People wondered, how did they build the dome?
People wondered, how did they build the dome?

How could they do that?
How could they do that?

They marvelled at it even in antiquity.
They marvelled at it even in antiquity.

The light is very interesting.
The light is very interesting.

If you look at the coffering, you can get the idea that
If you look at the coffering, you can get the idea that

you know the light from the eye is going to
you know the light from the eye is going to

direct the sunbeams to different coffers
direct the sunbeams to different coffers

at different times of day, on different days of the year.
at different times of day, on different days of the year.

Recent scholarship suggests that
Recent scholarship suggests that

this wasn't really a sundial,
this wasn't really a sundial,

but there was a play of the passage of time
but there was a play of the passage of time

and a play of light on space to indicate
and a play of light on space to indicate

the passage of time during the year.
the passage of time during the year.

There is though one alignment
There is though one alignment

that seems to be very intentional
that seems to be very intentional

and that is the sunlight coming through the eye
and that is the sunlight coming through the eye

at noon on April 21
at noon on April 21

exactly illuminated the main door of the Pantheon.
exactly illuminated the main door of the Pantheon.

Remember Hadrian was the man
Remember Hadrian was the man

responsible for the Pantheon in this phase.
responsible for the Pantheon in this phase.

April 21 was the birthday festival of Rome,
April 21 was the birthday festival of Rome,

and Hadrian's very interested in the birthday festival,
and Hadrian's very interested in the birthday festival,

changed the name to the Romaea festival
changed the name to the Romaea festival

in honor of the goddess Roma.
in honor of the goddess Roma.

He seems to have aligned the building in such a way that
He seems to have aligned the building in such a way that

there would be this dramatic effect at noon,
there would be this dramatic effect at noon,

and we can only imagine that
and we can only imagine that

there must of been some sort of birthday festival
there must of been some sort of birthday festival

happening in the Pantheon that day.
happening in the Pantheon that day.

So let's move back down to the forum now.
So let's move back down to the forum now.

Some of the main roads going through the city
Some of the main roads going through the city

met here in the forum,
met here in the forum,

it's a place that the average Roman
it's a place that the average Roman

on an average day might well pass through.
on an average day might well pass through.

As the camera pulls back
As the camera pulls back

and we can really see the full extent of the city,
and we can really see the full extent of the city,

you really understand how complex,
you really understand how complex,

how advanced this ancient world was.
how advanced this ancient world was.

How many buildings were here, do we think?
How many buildings were here, do we think?

We have two censuses from the fourth century AD that
We have two censuses from the fourth century AD that

suggest there were
suggest there were

between eight and ten thousand buildings here.
between eight and ten thousand buildings here.

We think the population
We think the population

might have been between one and two million.
might have been between one and two million.

The total surface area was about
The total surface area was about

twenty-five square kilometers,
twenty-five square kilometers,

so it was the biggest city in the Western world anyway
so it was the biggest city in the Western world anyway

until 19th Century London.
until 19th Century London.