Innovation and technology has been required to enable exploration and

pioneering throughout the history of the human race and there are challenges cast

in three different categories.Our challenge is: we have to get

there, we have to land there and we have to live. There is a large logistical

challenge

in staging the systems we need in orbit that makes sense and then getting those

systems to where we're going, Mars, and then crew transport and all the logistics that goes

around that and so you'll see in situ resource utilization living off the land,

you can get a huge benefit and a large gear ration with respect to architectures and

affordability and reliability if we can do as much living off the land as we can do. We have a

challenge out there right now call the 3D-printed habitat challenge which is

looking at producing components and assembling them into a structure or habitat using Martian

regolith or dirt, soil and waste, garbage, plastics. We used the International Space Station as a

testbed for technologies. You've had

multiple robotics technologies, a technology called SEXTANT that's using pulsars for precision navigation that's going on the station, et cetera,

we'll continue to do that the life of the station. We're developing with JPL the deep space

atomic clock for precision navigation in space and other uses. Our first mission kind of

beyond low-earth orbit is the Asteroid Redirect Robotic mission which is part of

ARM, the Asteroid Redirect mission. So high-power solar electric propulsion, done a lot of work there in

recent years building on previous work, so hull-effect thrusters with magnetic shielding

to improve lifetime and reliability. Also we've developed with two companies,

large area deployable solar arrays to provide the energy and power for the high

power solar electric propulsion. Lots of work in entry, descent and landing technology. So MSL,

Curiosity landed about one metric ton to the surface of Mars but we're at the

limit of what we can do that

architecture. One metric ton is it, it doesn't scale higher and if you look at the

architectures that we're looking for human exploration we could be talking about 23

metric tons of the surface, 28 or even up to 40 and that's driven by the the

ascent vehicle, a vehicle to get crew of the surface.

And so we're looking at a suite of technologies, supersonic retropropulsion and also advanced chutes and

inflatables. Looking at inflatables and deployables for hypersonic aerodynamic deceleration,

HIAD and ADEPT. We developed a woven thermal protections system, AMES did. We have

a very robust small spacecraft technology program and we have four missions

coming up and we're going to demonstrate some really interesting

technologies in the next six to nine months and then we've got our second flight

of both the inflatable decelerator and the parachute maybe something for a Mars

sample return type ascent vehicle.