Hello my name is Richard Kerrigan welcome to the workshop, you know today, we're going to talk about

Paraphrasing what it is how to do it and how to use in-text?

Citations to begin with let's say you have an essay to write, and you need to borrow information from another writer

You could use a direct quotation or better yet, you could rewrite their words into your own words

When we do this we call it

Paraphrasing if you think about it we paraphrase every day

Let's say a friend calls you in the morning and says I'm sick. I'm not

Going anywhere today

When you get to school you see another friend and say Jan isn't feeling well, so she's going to stay home

You just paraphrased the original message to put it simply

Paraphrasing is taking ideas or concepts from another writer and putting them into your own words

Now there are three things you need to remember when you paraphrase

Number one be careful not to change the original meaning

The original ideas or concepts need to be kept the same if we change the meaning even a little then we cannot say

according to

Because that's not what the author really said if you look at our example again

We can see the two points in the message are kept the same in the original message their friend is sick

And she's not going anywhere in the paraphrased message their friend is not feeling well meaning

She's sick, and she is staying home meaning. She's not going anywhere

Both the original and the paraphrase say the same thing but with different words

But if you said Jan is going to stay home because she doesn't want to come to school then the original message would be changed

number two use your own language

You know when you paraphrase you need to show that you read it you understood it

And you are using your own words. This is where it becomes a little bit challenging

It's easy to paraphrase in everyday message

But to paraphrase an academic passage like science or philosophy or even engineering it

Simply takes more efforts why because the grammar is more complex and the vocabulary is more academic

Now there are certain words you do not need to change like common knowledge words or names of people or places or things

Or even formulas these can be kept the same number

Three the last thing we need to remember is cite the paraphrase when we use MLA to cite a quote or a paraphrase

We need to mention the author's last name and the page number in the passage the author's full name

Title and publisher and other information is placed at the end of the paper under works cited in

College writing for we'll talk in more detail on both, MLA and APA

Now there are two ways to cite a paraphrase or to do in-text

Citation you can use a name tags such as according to Johnson

Overwork is one of the primary causes of stress in this country page 46 here

We have our name tag according to the author's last name Johnson and the page number in parentheses at the end

The second way to do in-text citation is to put the author's last name and page number in parentheses at the end of the paraphrase

What if you want to paraphrase a quote cited by another author?

The best thing to do is find the original source, but if that's not possible in MLA use

Qtd dot I n which simply means quoted in this will show you are

Paraphrasing a quote another author used in their writing

According to Smalley daily exercise is as important to our health as an adequate diet

QT di

and Bradley

342 in other words you are paraphrasing a quote by Smalley that Bradley used in his work

So how do you cite when you're using an internet source when citing from the internet if no one give the author's name?

article title and the website address for example

According to PT you dot e-d-u

actions in the digital world have far-reaching consequences

in real life online social networking in this example

We have the web address and the title but we don't know the author's name

Notice the web address should be written in this short form for example

PT u dot edu vs.

HTTP colon slash slash w w

PT u

edu you

Know a student came to me the other day and asked. Why is paraphrasing so important

I can think of one good reason why students should learn how to paraphrase

When we paraphrase it shows that we have put thought into our work in other words

Anyone can copy and use a direct quote

but it takes deep thinking to paraphrase someone else's ideas and put them into our own paper I

Want to talk to us briefly now about Pledger rising?

You know a phrase we hear a lot in university circles today is academic honesty

With technology it's easy to copy and paste other people's work some students do it a little and some students do it a lot

But if we're going to be successful in life

We need to learn to be honest after all if we use other people's ideas without giving them credit

We're really only cheating ourselves because in the end we may get the grade, but we will not have the skills

Remember honesty is the best policy?

So let's spend some time now talking about how to paraphrase and let's begin by taking an original quote a quotation if you would

The homeless often experience hardships throughout their lives that are not easily forgotten

Now when we paraphrase the first thing we want to do is to read the text to understand the writer's ideas

Because really we're not just paraphrasing words

We are paraphrasing ideas and concepts

And we must understand what the writers message really is

Now a good way to understand the meaning by simply asking questions as we read

Questions like when a person is homeless. What does that mean?

What kind of hardships does a homeless person experience or why are these experiences hard to forget?

Now you may have answered these questions a little differently than I did

But as I read the text I came up with these answers when a person is homeless. They live on the streets

They really don't belong anywhere and in some sense they are lost

number two the hardships that they experience maybe hunger maybe loneliness and in some cases it may even be

cruelty and number three any abuse or trauma

They experience certainly would be hard to forget

Now another thing that is good is look at how the writer is building their argument and how that argument then fits into the overall

Passage now once you understand the text. It's important to set it aside

Don't look at it because if you do you might be tempted to copy just a little

Set it aside and write your understanding of the text on another piece of paper

Let's look now at three paraphrases of the example text and decide which one is the best number one

Homeless people experience difficulties all their lives that they cannot forget

Number two example street people have to go through situations that they remember for the rest of their lives

number three

People living on the streets often encountered troubles and misfortunes that are not easy to erase from their memories

So which one did you decide is the best number one number two or number three?

Let's compare them with the original the first one is really too close to the original although

They change some of the language. They still used homeless

Experience their lives and a form of the word forgot the second one did a good job on using different language

But we are not sure the situations. They go through are good or bad. So there is some question on the meaning

The last one comparing with the original clearly use different language and expresses the ideas of the writer

So out of the three, which one. Did you choose?

If you chose number three good job. Let's go ahead now and summarize how to paraphrase

First read to understand the text then set the text aside and write your understanding of the meaning

Then compare your paraphrase with the original and lastly use proper citations

Well that brings us to the end of this workshop

But I want to thank you for joining us today as we have talked about paraphrasing

I wish you the best and if you have any questions click on the link above I would love to hear from you

until next time take care