Alright, this is the last video in my EKG interpretation video series.

In this video, we will be talking about artificial pacemakers.

In addition, we'll be talking about bradycardia as well as tachycardia, what can cause those

dysrhythmias, what are the symptoms of those dysrhythmias, and what are the pharmaceutical

and electrical interventions we can use to treat those dysrhythmias.

Okay, so when a patient's natural pacemakers fail to maintain a sufficient cardiac output,

then they may require a pacemaker.

So pacemakers emit a pacing stimuli which shows up as a spike on the EKG strip.

So pacemakers can provide atrial pacing, they can provide ventricular pacing, or they can

provide both, which is called AV pacing.

So when a patient is getting atrial pacing, this means that they have SA node failure.

So when they're getting atrial pacing, you will see a spike that precedes the P wave,

like this one right here.

With ventricular pacing, a patient would require ventricular pacing if they have a complete

AV block, such as a third-degree AV block.

So when they're getting ventricular pacing, you will see a spike prior to the QRS complex.

A patient will need AV pacing or both atrial and ventricular pacing if they have SA node

failure as well as a complete AV block.

So when a patient is getting AV pacing, you'll see a spike preceding the P wave and another

spike prior to the QRS complex.

So keep in mind that there is a couple different pacemaker modes.

We can have asynchronous mode, which means the pacemaker fires at a constant rate regardless

of the heart's electrical activity, which is kind of what we have going on here.

We can see that there's pacing spikes before every single P wave and QRS complex.

Or we can have a synchronous mode to the pacemaker, which is where the pacemaker only fires when

the heart's intrinsic rate falls below a certain rate.

So you may see some strips where you see some of these spikes, but in other parts of the

strip, you may not see the spikes.

So that means that their pacemaker is synchronous.

So it's only firing when it has to, when the heart's intrinsic rate falls below a set rate.

But in some cases, their heart may be behaving adequately, and they don't require pacing

for certain heartbeats.

So just keep that in mind as you are looking at different strips.

You may not see these spikes before every P wave or before every QRS complex.

It may be that the patient has a pacemaker in synchronous mode.

Alright.

Now we're going to talk about bradycardia.

And the information I'm going to cover here can be found on card 41 in my deck.

So there are a number of causes of bradycardia, including heart block, sick sinus syndrome,

hypothyroidism, certain medications such as digoxin, certain electrolyte imbalances such

as hypermagnesemia.

Other causes include infection or cardiovascular disease as well as Valsalva maneuvers, such

as bearing down when you're having a bowel movement, or excess vagal stimulation can

also cause bradycardia, such as when you're gagging or vomiting.

Keep in mind that athletes very commonly have bradycardia, so a heart rate that's under

60 beats per minute, and this is a normal and expected finding in athletes.

In terms of symptoms, a lot of patients are asymptomatic, meaning they don't have symptoms

with bradycardia.

But some patients will have symptoms such as dizziness, syncope, hypotension, and shortness

of breath.

In terms of interventions, if the patient is asymptomatic, often, interventions are

not required.

However, if they have symptoms with their bradycardia, we can provide pharmaceutical

interventions, such as the administration of atropine as well as epinephrine and dopamine.

And then in terms of an electrical intervention, a pacemaker may be needed if the patient isn't

getting a sufficient cardiac output due to the bradycardia.

Alright.

Now, let's talk about tachycardia.

So the information I'm going to cover here can be found on card 42 in my deck, which

is the last card.

So let's talk about some of the causes of tachycardia.

Causes can include physical activity, anxiety, pain, certain medications, fever, hyperthyroidism

as well as anemia, and also, it could be your body's way of compensating for hypotension.

So in terms of symptoms, some patients may be asymptomatic, however, symptoms can include

shortness of breath, weakness, chest pain as well as palpitations.

So in terms of interventions, interventions are usually first focused on identifying the

underlying cause of tachycardia and addressing that cause.

However, we do have some pharmaceutical and electrical interventions that can be used

for more serious tachycardia dysrhythmias.

So there are five classes of antiarrhythmics to be familiar with.

Class one includes sodium channel blockers such as procainamide and lidocaine.

Class two includes beta-blockers such as propranolol, metoprolol, and atenolol.

Class three includes potassium channel blockers such as amiodarone.

Class four includes calcium channel blockers such as verapamil and diltiazem.

And then class five includes other medications such as adenosine, digoxin, and magnesium

sulfate.

In terms of electrical interventions, we can perform a cardioversion for a patient who

has atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, supraventricular tachycardia as well as ventricular tachycardia

with a pulse.

For patients who have ventricular tachycardia without a pulse, we need to defibrillate.

So remember, defib, V-fib.

Another tachycardia dysrhythmia that we need to defibrillate is ventricular fibrillation.

So again, defibrillation is the electrical intervention for ventricular tachycardia without

a pulse as well as ventricular fibrillation.

So that concludes my EKG interpretation video series.

I hope it's been helpful for you guys.

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and friends in nursing school.

And thanks so much for watching, and thanks so much for your support!