Let's learn about the digestive system.

The digestive system consists of a long tube called the alimentary canal.

The canal extends from the mouth to the anus and is about 30 feet long.

The tube consists of 4 layers.

There is an inner mucous secreting mucosal layer, a submucosa that contains blood and

lymphatic vessels, a muscular layer that contains 2 layers of smooth muscle a layer that runs

along the length of the tube as well as a layer that encircles the tube.

The outer serosa or serous layer secretes a slimy serous fluid.

The alimentary canal begins in the mouth.

Teeth break down food into smaller pieces in a process called chewing or mastication.

Types of teeth include molars, premolars, canines and incisors.

Children have 20 deciduous or temporary teeth while adults have 32 teeth.

The uvula which is part of the soft palate rises when swallowing.

We can also see the palatine tonsils.

The salivary glands secrete mucous and salivary amylase which breaks down carbohydrates.

There are 3 pair of salivary glands.

The parotids, sublinguals and submandibular glands.

The tonsils are masses of lymphoid tissue that contain white blood cells that help to

fight off pathogens.

There are the phyaryngeals or adenoids, the palatines and the lingual tonsils.

The pharynx consists of 3 parts.

The upper part is called the nasopharynx, the middle section is called the oropharynx

and the lower section is the laryngopharynx.

The pharynx contains constrictor muscles that function in swallowing.

The esophagus is a muscular tube containing smooth muscle.

The lower esophageal sphincter is at the bottom of the esophagus.

The sphincter opens during swallowing to let food into the stomach.

An peristaltic wave progagates through the espophagus during swallowing.

The stomach consists of various parts.

The first portion is called the cardiac region, here is the fundus, the large body, and the

pylorus.

The inside of the stomach consists of folds or rugae.

The rugae help to mix the food.

The stomach also contains 2 curves here is the greater curvature.

Here is the lesser curvature.

The inner lining of the stomach, the Gastric mucosa contains gastric pits or tubelike openings.

Gastric glands secrete substances into gastric pits.

The cells of the stomach include Parietal cells which secrete hydrochloric acid

Chief cells which secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase,

Mucous secreting cells that secrete an alkaline mucous and Endocrine cells secrete intrinsic

factor Pepsinogen combines with hydrochloric acid

to produce pepsin which digests proteins.

Food mixes with the secretions of the stomach (called gastric juice) to form a pasty substance

called chime.

The pyloric sphincter relaxes to let chime out of the stomach and into the first portion

of the small intestine called the duodenum.

The small intestine is built for absorption with a large surface area.

Some special structures include plicae circulares which are circular folds that increase the

surface area and vili which are tiny fingerlike projections containing blood vessels and lacteals

which are part of the lymphatic system.

The pancreas also secretes substances into the duodenum via the pancreatic duct.

These include a pancreatic amylase for carbohydrate digestion, a pancreatic lipase for fat digestion,

trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypepsidase for protein digestion.

Bicarbonate ions are also secreted by the pancreas to neutralize the acidic chime from

the stomach.

The digestive enzymes work better under more alkaline conditions.

Bile is secreted into the duodenum via the common bile duct.

The common bile duct ends in a small sphincter called the hepatopancreatic sphincter.

Bile is made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

Fatty chyme entering duodenum triggers the release of cholecystokinin (CCK) which promotes

the secretion of bile.

Bile works to emulsify fats.

Chyme then moves to the jejunum and ileum parts of the small intestine.

Here most of digestion and absorption is finished.

Some intestinal enzymes include Intestinal lipase

Sucrase, Nucleases, and Maltase

The large intestine begins at the cecum.

There is a valve between the ileum and cecum called the ileocecal valve.

The Ileocecal valve keeps the contents from large intestine from moving back into small

intestine The cecum contains the appendix.

Appendix--may have no digestive function but functions in immunity and may act as a reservoir

for bacteria The large intestine has a different structure

than the small intestine.

It contains large pouches called haustra and a long band of smooth muscle called the taenea

coli.

The major parts of the large intestine include the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending

colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anus.

The function of the Large intestine included absorbing water and vitamins (from bacterial

flora).

Feces exits the large intestine when it reaches the rectum and triggers the defecation reflex.

The greater omentum is a large peritoneal membrane in the abdominal region.

It attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach.

The greater omentum is a site of fat storage, immunity, and helps to fight off infections

We hope you have learned something about the digestive system and..see you next time.