The USS Gerald R Ford and the HMS Queen Elizabeth are the latest and most modern aircraft carriers

in the world. Both use the latest technology to support planes like the F-35 but why has

the British carrier not followed in the footsteps of the American carriers and used nuclear

to power it’s systems and what are the pro’s and cons of being nuclear or non-nuclear in

a modern navy.

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As the British influence and military budgets shrank after WW2 so did the size and number

of its aircraft carriers in the belief that new carriers would be used as part of a larger

NATO task force. So the last generation of invincible class light carriers was coming

in at 22,000 tonnes, Compared to the US’s Nimitz class which tip the scales at 100,000

tonnes. The British carriers were built primarily

for anti-submarine warfare in the cold war North Atlantic and not for projecting naval

power around the world like the US ones. However, after the devastating Kosovo war

of the late 1990s, Europe was seen to have done too little too late to intervene. So

a European Union Rapid Reaction Force was proposed that would be able to act on a global

level and independently of NATO and the US. As part of this 3 new large aircraft carriers

would be built which would share a common design, two by Britain and one by France with

other European nations making up the support group.

However things didn’t quite go to plan, the French cancelled their carrier in 2013

due to budget restraints and because they thought that the non-nuclear propulsion was

a step backward for French technology. So the British continued alone with the HMS

Queen Elizabeth and the HMS Prince of Wales as it was now believed that bigger was better

and small carriers just couldn’t provide air superiority quickly, one of a number of

lessons learned from the Falklands war. These are collectively called the Queen Elizabeth

Class carriers or QEC and named after a first world war super-dreadnought battleship and

not the current Queen of England just in case you were wondering.

Even though the QEC carriers are a bit smaller, they are still the second-largest non-US Navy

warships in the world after the WW2 Yamato-class Japanese battleships, displacing 65-70,000

tonnes depending on the final build. They were also to be of an adaptable design that

could use either CATOBAR ~ Catapult Assisted Take-Off, Barrier Arrested Recovery or Ski

jumps for Short Take Off and Vertical Landing aircraft, in particular, the F-35B Lightning

II joint strike fighter. When the British carriers were on the drawing

board nuclear power was looked at as an option. With the right design, it can provide enough

power to run the ship without refuelling for up 25 years.

Land-based reactors usually produce about 1600MW, marine reactors are a few hundred

MW. These reactors have to be very small yet powerful for their size to fit in the limited

space of a ship, even one the size of an aircraft carrier

This small size means more expensive materials have to be used that are more resistant to

radiation and that the neutron interaction with fissionable material before it escapes

into the shielding is much less. So highly enriched weapons-grade uranium is often used,

this increases the power density and extends the reactor lifetime but is much more expensive

and a greater security risk. You also can't rely on gravity to drop the

control rods into the reactor core to shut it down like land-based one because the pitching

and rolling motion of the ship in the sea, so mechanical control systems must work flawlessly.

This and extra things like the desalination of seawater to make fresh water for the cooling

system, all add’s to the cost and makes it very expensive to build a nuclear-powered

ship. But in recent years there has been a move

against nuclear ships with some countries not allowing nuclear-armed or powered ships

in their territorial waters and as these are the flagships of the country they represent

they are carrying both ecological and political baggage.

The size of the QEC carriers also limits where they can dock and maintenance can be carried

out only at nuclear-certified ports. The UK has only two certified X Berths at Devonport

and Faslane. Maintenance requires specialist nuclear technicians

and then there is the decommissioning at the end of their working lives. The US has a specialist

area at Puget sound for the disposal of their nuclear assets and large areas in remote locations

where the remains of the reactors can be buried. The UK has still to complete the decommissioning

of a single nuclear submarine. Although Britain could build nuclear carriers,

all its experience is in submarines and not surface ships. The only shipyard set up for

assembly of nuclear-powered ships is Rosyth which is booked up with decommissioning old

nuclear subs and building new ones. It would also need to bring in a substantial number

of nuclear specialists from the US or France at considerable expense as we don’t have

enough in the UK. All this contrasts with the US, where the

US Navy is one of the biggest and oldest nuclear operators in the world. It has a huge amount

of experience that dates back to the end Manhattan project in the 1940’s.

It has developed 27 different reactor designs that have been used in 219 nuclear-powered

vessels and brought over 526 reactor cores into operation. It currently operates 81 nuclear-powered

vessels, 11 aircraft carriers and 70 submarines. It’s clocked up over 6200 reactor years

and the nuclear-powered vessels have travelled over 240 million Km without a single reactor

accident and it has a safety record that is second to none.

One of the major differences between the new US Ford-class carriers and the previous generation

Nimitz class was the introduction of more powerful A1B reactors built by Bectel which

are both smaller and simpler to operate, yet generate at least 25% more power than the

A1W Westinghouse built reactors in the Nimitz. The Nimitz class carriers have been in service

since 1975 and in that time a lot of new technology has been developed such as the EMALS Electromagnetic

Aircraft Launch System as well as many more modern systems requiring an electrical supply.

There are also the near-future weapons and defence systems like rail guns, directed energy

weapons and dynamic armour in the pipeline all of which will require large electrical

supplies, something that the Nimitz class had reached the limits of.

The Ford Class carriers were designed to have at least double the electrical generating

capacity of anything they need now to allow for future developments.

The US carriers use steam-power not only to power the turbines for the propellers but

also electrical generators and steam catapults to launch the planes, steam being something

which the nuclear reactors produce a lot of. But all the steam plumbing creates a lot of

complexity, maintenance, weight, and more manpower to operate and also determines where

the reactors are placed. Whilst steam catapults have proved to be very

reliable in the past they have no form of feedback control and as such can transmit

very large tow forces that can stress the airframes of the planes especially lighter

ones which means more maintenance, cost and aircraft downtime.

So for the Ford Class carriers, the EMALS Launch System was developed. This uses an

electric linear motor that uses feedback to accelerate the plane smoothly depending on

its weight. Its also lighter and less complex to fit than the old steam ones and with a

quicker recharge time should be able to launch more sorties in the same time.

Something which is often talked about it is the unlimited range of nuclear-powered ships.

Well, yes they do have an unlimited range but unlike a nuclear submarine which travels

alone, a carrier is always accompanied by the carrier strike group of supporting warships

which are often non-nuclear. The planes themselves also require aviation

fuel has to be replenished by supply ships along with food, water, and ammunition if

extended missions are ongoing. The Royal Navy has never operated nuclear

carriers, so it has always had oilers or fuel replenishment tankers to resupply it’s aircraft

carriers as part of their operation. This meant there was much less of an incentive

to go nuclear with the new carrier. The cost of building and maintaining nuclear

is higher than running conventional oil powered carriers, even with rising fuel costs factored

in. It will take about 15 years before the cost of fuel catches up extra cost of building

a nuclear version and that’s without the periodic nuclear refuelling costs and the

very expensive and problematic decommissioning at the end of their service life.

Old conventional Aircraft carriers are often sold on to foreign powers so some of that

money can be recouped, nuclear ships, on the other hand, can not be sold on and become

a liability. About every 25 years or so the nuclear reactors

on a Nimitz class carrier have to be refuelled which can take it out of service for several

years and is usually combined with a major refit and cost’s billions to complete.

The Royal Navy has only a small number of nuclear technicians for its submarine fleet

and would struggle to find new ones to look after any new nuclear carriers.

So if nuclear was out what could be used in its place. The solution they opted for was

Integrated electric propulsion or IEP with electric motors to drive the propellers, something

which is well proven in the commercial shipping sector but still a novel feature in military

ships, the new Zumwalt class destroyers in the US navy also uses this type of IEP propulsion.

Using a combination of two Rolls-Royce Marine Trent MT30 36MW gas turbines, basically, a

Rolls Royce Trent 800 jet engine mated to a generator and four 11MW Wärtsilä diesel

generators, this combined setup can supply up to 116MW of electrical power.

The QEC carriers have twin propellers which are each driven by two 20MW General Electric

induction motors. The diesel generators provide the baseload

supply for normal cruising and when extra speed or power is required the gas turbines

are used as well. As the entire system is electrical, the generators

can be anywhere on the ship that is suitable, freeing up space for other uses like aircraft

hanger storage. Both the QEC carriers were designed for the

EMALS launch system even though it wasn’t fitted in the end, they still enough power

generation to allow it to be retro fitted at some point in the future if required.

Lessons learned from the Falklands War showed that the STOVL Short Take-Off and Vertical

Landing Sea Harriers on a light carrier like HMS Invincible could carry out more sorties

than conventional aircraft on a larger catapult powered carrier like the Ark Royal as it would

have been severely limited due to the bad weather of the South Atlantic if it had been

in service as it was scrapped two years earlier. Instead of using the conventional takeoff

F-35C that the US Navy opted for and which are suited to the larger Ford Class with the

EMALS launcher, the MOD opted for the F-35B STOVL version which meant the need for catapult

and arresting gear was removed and echoed the Falklands experience but now with a full-sized

carriers, each with many more aircraft. A ski jump at the end of the runway requires

nothing in the way of power or complexity compared to a catapult but achieves the same

result with STOVL aircraft. So, in the end, the Royal Navy ended up with

two of the most modern carriers in the world but without going down the nuclear route,

yes it was a cost-cutting measure but then the US defense budget is about $600M to the

UK’s $50M and you could have two QEC carriers for the price of one Ford-class carrier with

a substantial amount of change and without all the nuclear baggage and long term costs

that it entails and do a very similar job. What do you think of the latest carriers from

the UK and the US, let me know in the comments, so thanks for watching and please don’t

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