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  • 00:00

    Hey Thoughty2 here.

  • 00:01

    Have you ever been cold?

  • 00:04

    And I don’t mean when your nipples get a bit frosty, I’m talking about freezing,

  • 00:08

    frostbite-inducing cold.

  • 00:11

    The coldest settlement on Earth is Oymyakon in Russia where temperatures average -50 degrees

  • 00:17

    C and can drop to -71 degrees.

  • 00:20

    At those temperatures if you cried, the tears would instantly freeze your eyes shut, blinding

  • 00:26

    you.

  • 00:27

    And without proper clothing you would be dead within the hour.

  • 00:31

    But there’s a living organism that’s been with us long before the dinosaurs, a creature

  • 00:38

    that has survived all five mass extinctions, that would find these frigid temperatures

  • 00:44

    no problem at all; the 600-million-year-old Tardigrade.

  • 00:51

    Tardigrades are micro-animals, approximately 0.5mm in length.

  • 00:55

    They have a digestive tract and eight little legs but that’s where the similarities to

  • 01:00

    other animals ends.

  • 01:02

    Unlike the residents of Oymyakon who would perish in minutes if they went outside without

  • 01:06

    at least 20 coats on, the Tardigrade can survive at temperatures as low as -272 degrees Celsius.

  • 01:16

    That’s one degree above absolute zero, the lowest temperature physically possible within

  • 01:24

    our universe.

  • 01:29

    Even when it can’t get any colder, the humble Tardigrade just keeps on going.

  • 01:35

    The Tardigrade, sometimes called a “water bear” because of its little claws, is the

  • 01:39

    most indestructible animal on the planet.

  • 01:42

    They are practically immortal.

  • 01:46

    As well as surviving the lowest temperatures in the universe, tardigrades can survive heat

  • 01:50

    up to 150 degrees Celcius, pressure six times greater than those found in the deepest ocean

  • 01:57

    trenches on Earth and ironizing radiation 100 times higher than the lethal dose for

  • 02:05

    a human.

  • 02:06

    This little guy could literally chill out inside the reactor core at Chernobyl and be

  • 02:10

    completely fine.

  • 02:12

    But most amazingly of all, and unique to this creature, the tardigrade can go without any

  • 02:18

    food or water for over 30 years.

  • 02:21

    But how?

  • 02:23

    Well, they die.

  • 02:27

    The tardigrade can dehydrate itself, like a ready meal from back to the future, to the

  • 02:32

    point where it is less than 3% water.

  • 02:36

    The human body is 60% water.

  • 02:39

    In this ultra-deep hibernation, known as cryptobiosis, the tardigrade has no need for any sustenance

  • 02:46

    and can sustain this state for 30 years, after which it simply re-hydrates itself and comes

  • 02:52

    back to life, to forage for food and reproduce, if it’s in the mood.

  • 02:57

    They don’t technically die whilst dehydrated, it’s more like a state of suspended animation.

  • 03:02

    A single tardigrade can live to be over a century old.

  • 03:07

    NASA sent thousands of tardigrades into space where they were sent out into the total vacuum

  • 03:12

    of space for days on end, where they were subjected to massive solar radiation.

  • 03:18

    They came back alive and well.

  • 03:20

    What’s more some of the tardigrades had given birth to lots of little tardigrade babies,

  • 03:25

    out in the vacuum of space, the most inhospitable place imaginable, and the space-babies were

  • 03:32

    also completely normal and healthy on their return to Earth.

  • 03:37

    To date, they are the only animal we know of that has gone defenseless into the total

  • 03:42

    vacuum of space and lived to tell the tale.

  • 03:45

    Some scientists even speculate that Tardigrades are aliens and actually came to our planet

  • 03:52

    from another planet such as Mars, over a billion years ago.

  • 03:56

    Because their DNA is strange, and unlike anything we’ve seen before.

  • 04:01

    But these aren’t some rare beast exclusively found under a single rock in Antarctica.

  • 04:07

    Tardigrades are everywhere, odds are you are only a few metres from a Tardigrade right

  • 04:14

    now.

  • 04:15

    That’s because they live in mosses and lichens, and where do you find moss?

  • 04:19

    Well it only covers the entire planet.

  • 04:22

    They feed on plant cells, so the moss and lichen provides the perfect, cosy and damp

  • 04:27

    home.

  • 04:28

    Although they mostly eat plants, tardigrades have been known to cannabalise each other.

  • 04:34

    And they’re not exclusive to moss either, they have also been found at the top of the

  • 04:39

    tallest mountains in the Himalayas, inside hot springs in Japan, at the very bottom of

  • 04:44

    the ocean and deep within the Antarctic wilderness.

  • 04:48

    So basically, everywhere.

  • 04:52

    Tardigrades just don’t care about anything.

  • 04:54

    One of the most amazing tardigrade abilities is how they deal with the extreme cold.

  • 05:00

    At extremely low temperatures ice crystals can form inside the cells of a life form,

  • 05:06

    ripping apart the cell’s vital components such as the DNA, which is always fatal to

  • 05:11

    that organism.

  • 05:13

    Some animals that have evolved to cope with the extreme cold.

  • 05:16

    For example, fish in cold regions make antifreeze that lowers the freezing point of their cells,

  • 05:22

    stopping ice from forming and preventing fatal frost damage.

  • 05:28

    Scientists have found no evidence of antifreeze inside tardigrades, they’re way too badass

  • 05:34

    for that.

  • 05:36

    Instead tardigrades simply tolerate ice forming inside their cells, they just don’t care.

  • 05:42

    Amazingly, they are able to quickly repair any damage caused by the ice crystals by rapidly

  • 05:48

    creating antioxidants.

  • 05:50

    They also produce nucleating agents that encourage ice to form around the cell instead of inside

  • 05:55

    it.

  • 05:56

    But what is truly baffling about this tiny immortal bear, is how it deals with extreme

  • 06:02

    heat.

  • 06:04

    At temperatures as high as 150 degrees Celcius, a cell’s membrane should unravel and it

  • 06:10

    would be torn apart, this would happen to all cells simultaneously, quickly killing

  • 06:16

    the cells’ host.

  • 06:19

    Tardigrades have been heated to 150 degrees C for 15 minutes and what happened?

  • 06:27

    Absolutely nothing.

  • 06:28

    It just carried on scuttling around as though it had been quietly sunbathing.

  • 06:34

    Scientists still have no idea how they do this, it shouldn’t be possible for cells

  • 06:40

    to survive at these temperatures, yet they do.

  • 06:44

    Naturally, scientists are now studying the microscopic tardigrade to try and unlock the

  • 06:49

    secrets of its immortality.

  • 06:52

    Maybe we can steal a secret or two for ourselves.

  • 06:54

    Thanks for watching.

All

The example sentences of HYDRATES in videos (6 in total of 7)

and coordinating conjunction can modal sustain verb, base form this determiner state noun, singular or mass for preposition or subordinating conjunction 30 cardinal number years noun, plural , after preposition or subordinating conjunction which wh-determiner it personal pronoun simply adverb re noun, singular or mass - hydrates verb, 3rd person singular present itself personal pronoun and coordinating conjunction comes verb, 3rd person singular present
wave noun, singular or mass energy noun, singular or mass and coordinating conjunction how wh-adverb that preposition or subordinating conjunction impacts noun, plural things noun, plural like preposition or subordinating conjunction release noun, singular or mass of preposition or subordinating conjunction gas noun, singular or mass hydrates noun, plural on preposition or subordinating conjunction the determiner seafloor proper noun, singular .
day noun, singular or mass - to to - day noun, singular or mass damage noun, singular or mass and coordinating conjunction hydrates verb, 3rd person singular present the determiner skin noun, singular or mass giving verb, gerund or present participle it personal pronoun a determiner radiant noun, singular or mass and coordinating conjunction youthful adjective glow noun, singular or mass sweet adjective potatoes noun, plural are verb, non-3rd person singular present
but coordinating conjunction if preposition or subordinating conjunction these determiner places noun, plural warm adjective up preposition or subordinating conjunction , the determiner hydrates noun, plural melt verb, non-3rd person singular present , releasing verb, gerund or present participle bursts noun, plural of preposition or subordinating conjunction methane noun, singular or mass , which wh-determiner is verb, 3rd person singular present
this determiner product noun, singular or mass gives verb, 3rd person singular present your possessive pronoun skin noun, singular or mass a determiner lot noun, singular or mass of preposition or subordinating conjunction moisture noun, singular or mass and coordinating conjunction hydrates noun, plural your possessive pronoun skin noun, singular or mass from preposition or subordinating conjunction within preposition or subordinating conjunction
and coordinating conjunction it personal pronoun also adverb hydrates verb, 3rd person singular present for preposition or subordinating conjunction younger adjective, comparative looking verb, gerund or present participle skin noun, singular or mass apparently adverb one cardinal number of preposition or subordinating conjunction these determiner items noun, plural sells verb, 3rd person singular present in preposition or subordinating conjunction every determiner 10 cardinal number seconds noun, plural worldwide adjective , so adverb to to use verb, base form it personal pronoun

Definition and meaning of HYDRATES

What does "hydrates mean?"

/ˈhīˌdrāt/

noun
compound in which water molecules are chemically bound to another compound.
verb
To give or add water to something or someone.