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  • 00:00

    In this episode I'll talk about structure. What is structure, how does it work? And how

  • 00:06

    do you show structure in your drawings? The next few episodes after this will be on applying

  • 00:12

    structure to the human figure.

  • 00:17

    Basic Building Blocks

  • 00:27

    Just like gesture had the three basic lines, csi, structure also has its three basic building

  • 00:34

    blocks. Spheres, cylinders and cubes. You can simplify pretty much any organic object

  • 00:41

    into these three forms or a combination of these three forms.

  • 00:46

    You can also stretch and bend these forms to better fit the character of the subject.

  • 00:52

    A sphere can be modified to an egg shape, a cylinder can taper thinner to one end like

  • 00:59

    you�d see in a leg. At its extreme, a tapering cylinder would become a cone..

  • 01:05

    A cube can be stretched to be more rectangular. And the sides don't have to be the same size.

  • 01:12

    You can taper thinner to one end like with the cylinder, bend it to follow the gesture

  • 01:17

    of the pose, and even twist it. Basically, think of these forms as if they�re made

  • 01:22

    of playdough. You can deform them as you wish.

  • 01:27

    We construct from these basic building blocks because it's a lot easier to imagine simple

  • 01:32

    forms three-dimensionally then complex forms. It's a lot easier to imagine and work out

  • 01:38

    the perspective of this camel with boxes and cylinders. Then add the details of the anatomy.

  • 01:45

    The same could be done with the figure. which I�ll go over in detail in the next few episodes.

  • 01:52

    Simplify the figure into basic spheres, cylinders and boxes. This will immediately give the

  • 01:58

    figure a 3 dimensional look. Having established this 3d idea allows you to visualize and construct

  • 02:04

    the finer details of the anatomy in perspective more accurately.

  • 02:10

    The difference of Spheres, Cylinders and Cubes

  • 02:14

    So let's take a closer look at these simple forms.

  • 02:17

    You can simplify the rib cage and pelvis to spheres, cylinders, boxes, or combinations

  • 02:22

    of these forms depending on what you need for that pose. The sphere is really just a

  • 02:28

    circle, since a sphere without tone appears 2 dimensional. So, the sphere is flat when

  • 02:35

    using line. It doesn't tell us anything about the form and its orientation in space. If

  • 02:41

    you stretch the circle into an oval, now we have one piece if information about its orientation.

  • 02:48

    The oval will only tell us the tilting left or right.

  • 02:53

    To show any kind of leaning back or forward, we need to indicate a bottom plane or a top

  • 02:58

    plane. That�s where the cylinder becomes useful. It shows the tilting with the angle

  • 03:04

    and the leaning with the bottom or top planes.

  • 03:08

    We can go one more step forward and use a box. The box has one thing that the cylinder

  • 03:13

    doesn't - it shows us the edges between front, back and side planes. This shows us the twisting

  • 03:20

    motion.

  • 03:22

    So now with these three options, we can choose the one that does the best job in describing

  • 03:27

    the form of the pose we're drawing. Sometimes a cylinder for the rib cage with a centerline

  • 03:32

    to show the twist is enough. Sometimes the addition of the corners at the rib cage and

  • 03:38

    pelvis to show the front and side planes is helpful. It's up to you to decide how you

  • 03:44

    use these basic forms.

  • 03:47

    Drawing Cylinders

  • 03:50

    Start constructing cylinders by finding the angle, the length and width. This establishes

  • 03:55

    its placements and size. If the cylinder is foreshortened make sure to slightly taper

  • 04:01

    the sides thinner towards the far end to indicate foreshortening.

  • 04:05

    Then it�s time to identify the cross contours. Ask yourself if you�re looking up or down

  • 04:11

    at the cylinder and how much. Based on that, add the ellipses of the top and bottom planes.

  • 04:19

    Make sure to keep the angle of the ellipse perpendicular to the angle of the sides. The

  • 04:24

    common mistake is to make the angle vertical or horizontal. For example... The wheels on

  • 04:30

    a car won�t be vertical like this, instead they will be perpendicular to the angle of

  • 04:36

    the axle.

  • 04:39

    Another common mistake is when we indicate the cross contour lines, we tend to make them

  • 04:44

    flatter than they really are. The thing about cross contour lines, is that most of their

  • 04:50

    effect is on the sides. That�s where the roundness of the form is revealed. So don't

  • 04:56

    flatten them and bring them to a sharp corner with the edge of the cylinder, that defeats

  • 05:01

    the purpose of the cross contour line. It should feel like it�s wrapping around the

  • 05:07

    edges.

  • 05:09

    Drawing Boxes

  • 05:11

    You should be able to draw a 3d box from imagination at any angle. In the illusion of depth series

  • 05:17

    I talked a little about perspective. A box's edges will converge to a vanishing point on

  • 05:23

    the horizon line. This works well for structures like a house where the bottom plane is parallel

  • 05:28

    with the ground. When you rotate the boxes it gets much more complex and personally I

  • 05:34

    feel it�s too complex and too mathematical to think about all that stuff when drawing

  • 05:38

    a figure.

  • 05:40

    So, develop a sense for perspective and use your intuition. You'll get better with practice,

  • 05:45

    but a few tips will get you pretty far right away. The way I approach it is at first I

  • 05:51

    imagine which planes of the box I'm seeing. You'll see 1, 2 or 3 planes. If you're looking

  • 05:57

    directly at one side, like the front, it�s just a rectangle. When the box rotates down,

  • 06:03

    you start seeing the top plane. And when it rotates to one side, you'll see one of the

  • 06:09

    side planes.

  • 06:10

    Also, notice that all the lines are converging to create a sense of depth. Look at this box

  • 06:17

    and see if you draw boxes this way... If you draw boxes this way, stop! This is an impossible

  • 06:24

    box. Things appear smaller as they move away from us. So, drawing all these parallel lines

  • 06:30

    removes the perspective from the scene. And if this plane is a rectangle, that indicates

  • 06:36

    we're looking directly at it. If we were looking directly at it, none of the other planes would

  • 06:42

    be visible. In this case, since we're seeing some of the right side, the front plane is

  • 06:47

    starting to rotate away from us. The lines here would converge to the left. And since

  • 06:53

    we're seeing the top plane, the front and side planes are rotating downward. So, the

  • 06:59

    lines would converge down. Now that's a much more 3 dimensional box.

  • 07:04

    Let�s try a step by step approach and see if this helps you. I'll start with the inside

  • 07:09

    edges of the box. The most vertical one is a good starting point. Is the box leaning

  • 07:15

    to the left or right, and how much? Establish that with the first line.

  • 07:21

    Then, are you seeing the bottom or top of the box? If you see the top, then the other

  • 07:27

    two inside edges will be attached to the top of the initial line.

  • 07:32

    How much of the top are we seeing? If it�s a little, the lines will be flatter with an

  • 07:37

    obtuse angle. A lot and they will have more of an acute angle.

  • 07:42

    Also at this point you're thinking about how much of the front and right side you're seeing.

  • 07:47

    The same of each would make the angles of these lines equal. If you see more of the

  • 07:52

    front, that side will be more horizontal and the other side more vertical since its moving

  • 07:58

    away from us more. And vice versa...

  • 08:01

    This is the foundation. It tells you the orientation of the box. After this it�s really easy.

  • 08:08

    Just go to the end of each line and connect the outside edges with converging lines.

  • 08:13

    Consider the lengths of the initial 3 lines. If it�s a perfect box then you just need

  • 08:18

    to think about how much each side is being foreshortened depending on how much it's facing

  • 08:23

    away from you. But if some sides are longer than others, think about that length and foreshortening.

  • 08:31

    As you can probably tell, this isn't something that you'll get right on your first try. It's

  • 08:35

    a bit confusing so you need to repeat the process many times to get familiar with it.

  • 08:41

    It's critical that you do get familiar with it if you want to apply these concepts to

  • 08:45

    a complex form like the figure. Next week we will talk about the robo bean which is

  • 08:51

    a 3d representation of the torso. So, go practice your boxes by looking around you for boxy

  • 08:57

    furniture and drawing them from different angles. Then try inventing them from your

  • 09:02

    mind...

  • 09:04

    Assignments

  • 09:05

    Start by practicing cylinders and boxes of the things around you. Here you�re using

  • 09:10

    observation and what you know about structure to draw the forms. Then move on to drawing

  • 09:16

    them from your imagination. Can you imagine a box in your mind and draw it exactly how

  • 09:21

    you imagined it?

  • 09:23

    When you�re ready, get some reference of animals and try to simplify them into balls,

  • 09:29

    cylinders, and boxes. Avoid flat angles. Try to find dynamic angles of the animals in motion.

  • 09:37

    That will be a much more valuable exercise.

  • 09:41

    Student critiques

  • 09:42

    In the premium section, I'm posting critique videos of student work. That's where you come

  • 09:47

    in..

  • 09:48

    So, do the assignment from this week�s lesson. Post your drawings on your Facebook page,

  • 09:54

    tumblr, blog, forum, wherever you like to post your artwork. In your post make sure

  • 09:59

    to mention this video and include a link to it. Email me and tell me where I can find

  • 10:04

    your drawings. Make sure to follow the guidelines that I describe on proko.com/critiques. Everyone

  • 10:11

    that participates will be able to download that critique video.

  • 10:15

    If you want to see more detailed explanation of this video and all the other..

  • 10:25

    If you want to see more detailed explanation of this video and all the other videos from

  • 10:29

    the figure fundamentals series check out proko.com/figure. For every free video that I post during this

  • 10:35

    figure series, I�m posting additional premium content on proko.com. This week I explain

  • 10:41

    more about the position of the viewer, avoiding flat perspective and how to simplify forms.

  • 10:46

    So far there�s a total of over 3.5 hours of video in the premium section, so lot�s

  • 10:51

    of goodies there - proko.com/figure.

  • 10:55

    Thanks for watching!

  • 10:57

    If you like this video, share the wealth, tell your friends. Post it on your favorite

  • 11:01

    social network. Click this button here to subscribe to the Proko newsletter if you want

  • 11:06

    to be updated about new videos. Buh Bye!

All

The example sentences of FORESHORTENED in videos (2 in total of 2)

it personal pronoun 's verb, 3rd person singular present manageable adjective when wh-adverb something noun, singular or mass is verb, 3rd person singular present foreshortened verb, past participle , as adverb long adverb as preposition or subordinating conjunction you personal pronoun are verb, non-3rd person singular present capable adjective of preposition or subordinating conjunction drawing verb, gerund or present participle a determiner box noun, singular or mass
to to think verb, base form about preposition or subordinating conjunction how wh-adverb much adjective each determiner side noun, singular or mass is verb, 3rd person singular present being verb, gerund or present participle foreshortened verb, past participle depending verb, gerund or present participle on preposition or subordinating conjunction how wh-adverb much adjective it personal pronoun 's verb, 3rd person singular present facing verb, gerund or present participle

Use "foreshortened" in a sentence | "foreshortened" example sentences

How to use "foreshortened" in a sentence?

  • The Catholic Church with its foreshortened American history and tangled puritanical roots was as inviolate to my mother and father as it was to the last-ditch aristocrats of Evelyn Waugh.
    -Maureen Howard-
  • No matter how you travel, how 'successful' your tour, or foreshortened, you always learn something and learn to change your thoughts.
    -Jack Kerouac-

Definition and meaning of FORESHORTENED

What does "foreshortened mean?"

/fôrˈSHôrtn/

verb
portray or show object or view as closer than it is.