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  • 00:11

    Of all the animal groups on Earth, the crustaceans are by far the most successful. Coming in

  • 00:21

    a boundless array of colours, shapes and sizes, they have diversified so much that crustaceans

  • 00:28

    are often called the insects of the oceans, a title reflecting their remarkable diversity

  • 00:35

    and abundance. But nowhere are they more weird and wonderful than in the deep sea, where

  • 00:42

    crustaceans have adapted in countless ways in order to survive, and play key roles in

  • 00:49

    the ecosystem. Let’s take a closer look at these incredible invertebrates.

  • 00:59

    As crustaceans are a subphylum of arthropods, meaning ‘jointed feet’, they display many-jointed

  • 01:10

    legs, as found on crabs and lobsters. Generally, crustaceans also consist of a head, thorax

  • 01:20

    and abdomen, at the end of which is a tail piece called a telson. But what sets them

  • 01:25

    apart from other arthropods, is two pairs of sensory antennae and at least three pairs

  • 01:31

    of mouthparts. From mantis shrimps to copepods and the giant Isopod, all crustaceans share

  • 01:41

    these common features, giving them an evolutionary advantage over other animals.

  • 01:46

    The antennae are used for making sense of their surroundings, as well as locating food

  • 01:52

    and sensing danger. But in many species, we often find more unusual adaptations. Decapods,

  • 02:00

    like crabs, have 10 walking legs, making them well-suited to a benthic lifestyle down on

  • 02:07

    the sea-floor, where they scavenge for food. Contrastingly, Euphausid shrimps like the

  • 02:14

    infamous Antarctic Krill have elongated bodies and paddle-like legs that help them swim through

  • 02:20

    the open ocean, far from the sea floor. Under each eye, they possess light-producing photophores

  • 02:26

    that they use to communicate via the phenomenon of bioluminescence.

  • 02:32

    To survive in the expanse of the open ocean, krill have had to become filter-feeders, consuming

  • 02:39

    plankton that drift by on the currents. In repeatedly moving their appendages, water

  • 02:45

    is drawn past the mouthparts which are covered in fine hairs, or setae. These form a highly

  • 02:52

    effective food trap.

  • 02:54

    The wonder of Krill doesn’t end there, for these tiny creatures also serve to demonstrate

  • 03:00

    the important role that crustaceans play in the marine ecosystem. With their oil-rich

  • 03:06

    bodies, and tendency to gather in huge swarms so large that they can be seen from space,

  • 03:12

    Antarctic krill are high energy food able to sustain the enormous bulk of baleen whales.

  • 03:20

    The largest animals on the planet, relying on one of the smallest.

  • 03:26

    This shows that crustaceans are vital in the marine food web, but in more ways than just

  • 03:33

    as a source of prey, as we’re about to discover.

  • 03:36

    There are no insects in the ocean, but crustaceans rule in their place and display an amazing

  • 03:43

    variety of sizes and morphologies. Their role is very similar to that of insects on land.

  • 03:52

    In addition to being a source of food, they occupy the role of detrivores. The deep ocean’s

  • 03:58

    clean-up crew. Most important are the amphipods, which you might have found leaping like fleas

  • 04:07

    around washed-up seaweed on the shore. Even here, they are doing their job of cleaning

  • 04:12

    up the stranded debris. And amphipods are found in every part of the ocean, from beach

  • 04:19

    hoppers on the shore, to 35,797 feet (10,911 meters) down in the furthest depths of the

  • 04:29

    Mariana Trench. Here, the hadal amphipod takes to the unlit stage, even possessing enzymes

  • 04:36

    that are able to digest wood. They can and do consume just about anything that falls

  • 04:43

    to the seafloor, filling an important ecological function by recycling nutrients from even

  • 04:51

    hard-to-digest material back into the environment.

  • 04:55

    Without them, the seabed would vanish beneath a deluge of dead plant and animal material.

  • 05:01

    These crustaceans can consume detritus at a rate of between 60% and 100% of their body

  • 05:07

    weight each day, for they are highly adapted to this task. Their legs have pincers with

  • 05:14

    a movable half, and a sharp edge used for tearing off pieces of food. In fact, bait

  • 05:22

    that is sunk to the sea floor often comes back stripped to the bone by amphipods, in

  • 05:27

    just a matter of hours.

  • 05:31

    Amphipods are important for another reason. Researchers have noticed that their size increases

  • 05:37

    dramatically with depth, from a length of 8 mm in the shallows, to over 34 centimetres

  • 05:44

    long in the hadal zone of the ocean. This remarkable size is achieved by the species

  • 05:50

    Alicella gigantea, a slow-moving scavenger which has been filmed clumsily stumbling into

  • 05:56

    bait, latching on, and gorging itself for hours. It exhibits the phenomenon of abyssal

  • 06:02

    gigantism. But although it is far larger than many of its cousins, the super-giant is not

  • 06:08

    so odd when we consider it has evolved to fulfil a niche that, in shallower water, is

  • 06:14

    occupied by other large bottom dwellers like crabs, one the most diversified crustaceans

  • 06:20

    in the world.

  • 06:22

    Amphipods are not the only crustaceans to exhibit gigantism. A relative of the land-dwelling

  • 06:31

    woodlice, the giant isopod, can grow to 76 cm or 2.5 feet long. It, too, feeds on sunken

  • 06:40

    detritus, clinging on with sharp claws and living at depths of 2140 metres (7020 feet).

  • 06:50

    Overall, crustaceans play a number of key roles in the deep sea ecosystem. From amphipods

  • 06:58

    and isopods cycling nutrients from decaying material, to copepods parasitising larger

  • 07:04

    fish, and krill providing nutrients for some of the largest creatures on the planet, they

  • 07:09

    are a diverse and ecologically vital group of organisms, capable of adapting in numerous

  • 07:15

    ways to survive in every corner of the expansive deep sea.

All

The example sentences of BOUNDLESS in videos (12 in total of 12)

of preposition or subordinating conjunction all predeterminer those determiner who wh-pronoun knew verb, past tense and coordinating conjunction loved verb, past tense her possessive pronoun and coordinating conjunction were verb, past tense loved verb, past participle by preposition or subordinating conjunction her personal pronoun in preposition or subordinating conjunction boundless adjective measure noun, singular or mass .
a determiner boundless adjective array noun, singular or mass of preposition or subordinating conjunction colours noun, plural , shapes noun, plural and coordinating conjunction sizes noun, plural , they personal pronoun have verb, non-3rd person singular present diversified adjective so adverb much adjective that preposition or subordinating conjunction crustaceans noun, plural
this determiner is verb, 3rd person singular present the determiner high adjective school noun, singular or mass graduate noun, singular or mass who wh-pronoun transitions noun, plural into preposition or subordinating conjunction the determiner near adjective boundless adjective freedom noun, singular or mass in preposition or subordinating conjunction life noun, singular or mass as preposition or subordinating conjunction
destination noun, singular or mass that wh-determiner was verb, past tense close verb, base form to to home verb, base form and coordinating conjunction yet adverb offered verb, past participle boundless adjective entertainment noun, singular or mass and coordinating conjunction a determiner tropical adjective climate noun, singular or mass .
of preposition or subordinating conjunction all predeterminer the determiner great adjective ships noun, plural to to be verb, base form found verb, past participle across preposition or subordinating conjunction the determiner galaxy noun, singular or mass , none noun, singular or mass are verb, non-3rd person singular present granted verb, past participle such adjective boundless adjective purpose noun, singular or mass
i personal pronoun was verb, past tense really adverb hoping verb, gerund or present participle that preposition or subordinating conjunction the determiner boundless proper noun, singular vapes proper noun, singular would modal have verb, base form little adjective to to no determiner draw noun, singular or mass resistance noun, singular or mass just adverb
that preposition or subordinating conjunction you personal pronoun will modal have verb, base form their possessive pronoun boundless adjective energy noun, singular or mass too adverb if preposition or subordinating conjunction you personal pronoun drink verb, non-3rd person singular present this determiner soft adjective drink noun, singular or mass when wh-adverb you're proper noun, singular
they personal pronoun won verb, past tense our possessive pronoun hearts noun, plural with preposition or subordinating conjunction their possessive pronoun boundless adjective love noun, singular or mass and coordinating conjunction epic adjective fashion noun, singular or mass statements noun, plural , so preposition or subordinating conjunction all determiner we personal pronoun can modal
much proper noun, singular like preposition or subordinating conjunction the determiner boundless proper noun, singular cf proper noun, singular and coordinating conjunction cfx proper noun, singular though preposition or subordinating conjunction , it personal pronoun does verb, 3rd person singular present dramatically adverb improve verb, base form after preposition or subordinating conjunction the determiner first adjective
discovered verb, past participle , cataloged verb, past tense , and coordinating conjunction part noun, singular or mass of preposition or subordinating conjunction the determiner collective adjective which wh-determiner , again adverb , is verb, 3rd person singular present all determiner powered verb, past participle by preposition or subordinating conjunction boundless adjective energy noun, singular or mass .
with preposition or subordinating conjunction his possessive pronoun huge adjective personality noun, singular or mass and coordinating conjunction boundless adjective energy noun, singular or mass he personal pronoun quickly adverb won verb, past tense over preposition or subordinating conjunction the determiner public adjective and coordinating conjunction attendance noun, singular or mass
ivanka proper noun, singular says verb, 3rd person singular present they personal pronoun were verb, past tense not adverb spoiled verb, past participle with preposition or subordinating conjunction boundless adjective trust noun, singular or mass funds noun, plural as preposition or subordinating conjunction kids noun, plural , but coordinating conjunction they personal pronoun were verb, past tense rewarded verb, past participle

Use "boundless" in a sentence | "boundless" example sentences

How to use "boundless" in a sentence?

  • We have been given the gift of life in this perplexing world to become who we ultimately are: creatures of boundless love, caring compassion, and wisdom.
    -Wayne Teasdale-
  • Like a caring mother holding and guarding the life of her only child, so with a boundless heart of loving kindness, hold yourself and all beings as your beloved children.
    -Gautama Buddha-
  • Goodwill toward all beings is the true religion; cherish in your hearts boundless goodwill to all that lives.
    -Gautama Buddha-
  • But Colin's only understanding of love was of limitless loyalty, boundless tolerance.
    -J. K. Rowling-
  • A great man, tender of heart, strong of nerve, boundless patience and broadest sympathy, with no motive apart from his country.
    -Frederick Douglass-
  • The happiness of God-realization is self-sustained, eternally fresh and unfailing, boundless and indescribable. And it is for this happiness that the world has sprung into existence.
    -Meher Baba-
  • In my forties, my optimism was boundless. I had really good health and tremendous success which allowed me to do anything I wanted.
    -Patricia Cornwell-
  • Lycurgus, Numa, Moses, Jesus Christ, Mohammed, all these great rogues, all these great thought-tyrants, knew how to associate the divinities they fabricated with their own boundless ambition.
    -Marquis de Sade-

Definition and meaning of BOUNDLESS

What does "boundless mean?"

/ˈboun(d)ləs/

adjective
unlimited or immense.

What are synonyms of "boundless"?
Some common synonyms of "boundless" are:
  • limitless,
  • unlimited,
  • illimitable,
  • unbounded,
  • untold,
  • bottomless,
  • immeasurable,
  • measureless,
  • incalculable,
  • inestimable,
  • abundant,
  • abounding,
  • great,
  • inexhaustible,

You can find detailed definitions of them on this page.

What are antonyms of "boundless"?
Some common antonyms of "boundless" are:
  • limited,

You can find detailed definitions of them on this page.