We all know that cats are the  true epitome of chaotic neutral.

In a single breath, the internet’s favorite fuzzy  

creatures go from cuddling against  your chest to clawing at your face.

Millions of people find their pouncing,  purring and prowling fascinating - others  

find it downright unnerving And it’s not just  the modern world that’s obsessed with cats. 

Not quite deities, and definitely not human,  

cats have stalked our cultural  imagination since ancient times.

As demons, defenders, evil  sidekicks, and sleek companions,  

they play many roles in culture and  myth. But what makes cats so enduring,  

and what does our feline fascination  tell us about human nature? 

With cat references scattered all over the  ancient world, it’s impossible to determine  

a single origin point for our obsession.  Prehistoric art reveals some striking felines,  

from a painted red lion gracing  the Pech Merle cave in France,  

to 7000-year-old stone leopards  circling the temple of Uvda in Israel. 

Other depictions show some  unexpected cat-human contact.

At the settlement of Çatalhöyük in Anatolia,  which thrived around 7000BCE, a woman is shown  

in a birthing position - her hands resting  on the backs of leopards for support.

Another nearby site , has yielded  figurines of pregnant women  

and new mothers nursing leopards. These examples draw a direct line between cats and  

mighty motherhood. And while it’s still debated  whether the mother-cats were deities, there’s a  

cat woman lurking in pretty much every pantheon. Some goddesses take cats as their co-conspirators,  

like the Hindu figure of Durga. Riding on her  lion, Durga is worshiped as both nurturing mother  

and menacing warrior. Flanked by lions,  the Roman and Anatolian goddess Cybele  

also guards the victims of war - while reserving  the right to inflict some serious harm. 

The Norse goddess of love, Freya, rode  in a chariot pulled by giant cats.  

Her trusty steeds are suggestive  of Freya’s grace and affection.  

But she could also turn fearsome as the leader of  the all-female band of warriors, the Valkyries. 

But not all feline protectors  are tied to femininity.  

Chinese guardian lions come in male and female  form and have long guarded Buddhist temples.

Assuming either a smile or a snarl,  these lions are agents of righteousness  

that you definitely don’t want to cross. These figures all embody the paradoxical idea that  

tenderness and destruction are two sides of the  same coin. Like their divine counterparts, cats  

could be the object of both admiration and fear –  associated with the most formidable forces even as  

they were gradually welcomed into the home. For a key example of how cats straddled the  

domestic and divine, we can turn to Ancient  Egypt. The Ancient Egyptians may be the most  

committed cat people of all time - but this  love was rooted in a degree of practicality.

Between 4000 and 2000 BCE,  

more and more grain was stored in Egyptian  towns – drawing rodents and, ultimately, cats. 

Far beyond pest control, cats came  to be worshiped in their own right.

An entire branch of government  was dedicated to their protection,

and any outsider who harmed  a cat was sentenced to death. 

Archaeological digs have recovered thousands  of mummified cats, amulets and statues,  

as well as cemeteries filled with pets who  accompanied their owners to the afterlife.

They were often depicted on the laps of the dead  – but just in case you thought humans were in  

control here, cats could also be found terrorizing  the underworld and presiding over human life.

In addition to their animal  forms cats were theophanies,  

or IRL manifestations of the Egyptian gods.

With the body of a woman and the face of a lion,  

Sekhmet destroyed  the enemies of Ancient Egypt. 

Often crowned with a sun disk, she burned her foes  to the ground and could spread war and plagues.

At the same time, she was honored  as a great physician and was thought  

to oversee the conception of the Pharaohs. On the other hand, Bastet, another cat goddess  

who also had the body of a woman but the face of  a cat, was more of a cat goddess of the people,  

associated with childbirth, music, and  dance. Like Sekhmet, she was linked to  

the sun – but more in terms of warmth and  safety, rather than blazing destruction. 

While every cat loves a stint in the sun,  the Greek goddess Artemis worked by the light  

of the moon. Occasionally depicted in cat  form, Artemis was the goddess of hunting,  

animals, and childbirth – who could swiftly  slay any living thing with her golden arrows. 

As predators and protectors who could  be associated with darkness and light,  

these mythical figures concretize  the dual nature of the feline.  

For many, this ambivalence was a source of awe and  fascination. For others, it raised some hackles. 

Many mythologies frame cats as a threat rather  than an asset. In Persian Zoroastrian mythology,  

cats were created by the Evil Spirit  and believed to spread treachery.

Some of the most sinister Japanese yōkai,  or supernatural beings, are also cats.

In one tale, a young man named Takasu  Genbei had  

a cat who vanished – just as his  mother retreated from family life.

When he finally pried open her  bedroom door, Takasu saw not his  

mother, but a monstrous feline  demon curled in her clothes.

He aimed to save her by slaying the beast, but  the carcass only morphed into his missing cat.

Takasu’s mother was plagued  by a yōkai known as bakeneko,  

demons who devour their owners  and inhabit their body.

Bakeneko are formed when an  ordinary cat drinks blood,  

licks too much lamp oil, or even  if their tail becomes too long.

The bakeneko can become another feline yokai, the  two-tailed nekomata which is even more dangerous,  

growing to enormous sizes and hurling fireballs  at humans when it’s not busy devouring them.

As malevolent cats, these yokai represent  an enduring fear of the unknown–  

and what happens when we let it into our homes. Ancient Greeks were also plagued by invasive cats,  

most notably the Nemean lion.

The offspring of monsters  with an impenetrable hide,  

razor-sharp teeth, and a taste for human  flesh, the lion was only defeated when Hercules  

barricaded it in its cave and strangled it with  his bare hands - you know, because he’s extra.

He wore the skin of the lion thereafter, where it  remained a terrifying sign of his outsized power. 

When Hera learned that her husband  Zues had impregnated Alcmene  

she sent the goddess of childbirth  Eileithyia to delay the birth.

Alcmene’s midwife, Galinthias, managed to distract  Eileithyia while her child Hercules was born.

Hera was so furious that she turned Galinthias  into a cat and banished her to the underworld.  

There she became the companion of the  goddess of magic and discord, Hecate. 

With the rise of Christianity, this image of the  

unpredictable woman with her cat infused  fears of paganism and so-called dark magic.

The suspicion of cats endured for centuries.

From Pope Gregory IX denouncing cats and  black cats specifically as agents of Satan  

in the thirteenth century, to the rise of  witch hunts in the Middle Ages and beyond. 

In 1658, the cleric Edward Topsel wrote that “the  familiars of Witches do most ordinarily appear  

in the shape of Cats, which is an argument that  this beast is dangerous to soul and body.”

At a time of high paranoia, woe betide any  single woman who happened to be a cat person. 

Across different cultures, cats give  shape to some of our most primal fears,  

perhaps the most famous example being  black cats’ association with bad luck,  

evil omens and the possibility that  an unknown enemy lurks in our midst. 

On the other hand, some myths suggest that  welcoming the unknown can be a good thing.

In the early seventeenth century, a cat invited  the Japanese lord Ii Naotaka to shelter in the  

Buddhist temple of Gotokuji. In gratitude, Ii  Naotaka dedicated the temple to all cats.  

This legend is said to be the birth of the  maneki-neko, or Japanese beckoning cat.  

Widely seen clocking their paws in  temples, shrines, businesses, and homes,  

the beckoning cat is a feline of good fortune. As predator and prey, trickster and tormentor,  

mythical cats can rarely be reduced  to pure good or absolute evil.  

It’s telling, then, that cats are often associated  with liminal spaces – particularly the ghostly  

line that separates the living from the dead.  Depending on who you ask, cats can help or  

hinder the journey of souls to the next life. Certain Buddhist sects believe that the soul is  

transferred to a cat for safekeeping,while  in Finnish folklore cats were tasked with  

transporting the souls of the dead to the  underworld. Other mythologies are less trusting. 

The Celtic creature Cáit Sith appears as a  black cat with white markings on its chest,  

and tends to sneak up on mourners and steal  their beloved’s soul. And then there’s the  

Japanese Kasha, demonic corpse-catcher…but  you can look to Monstrum for that one. 

Today you can find a cat in more domestic liminal  spaces - camping out in sock drawers, squeezing  

through doorways, and curling up in that space  between shelf and floor that never quite gets  clear.

Even as they’ve become stalwarts of our  homes, there’s always something bewildering about  

these creatures and their stare can be… haunting. Centuries on, we struggle with the same questions  

as our ancestors: Are cats fully domesticated,  why are they looking at us like that, and what  

is that sound they’re making? In the end, the  intrigue of cats stems from their mystery – and  

while we’re no closer to solving it, it’s  clear that the feline imaginary can’t be tamed.