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Edgar here, and welcome to Artifexian.

Here you will learn everything you ever wanted to know about worldbuilding...and then some!

This is a cross section of the average human food hole.

Complete with lips, a tongue and some teeth.

A consonant is a speech sound produced when the airflow through the food hole, or vocal

tract if you will, is to some degree obstructed.

There are three key elements to any consonant: place of articulation, manner of articulation

and voicing.

In this video, let's look at place of articulation.

Place of articulation, or point of articulation, indicates where in the mouth the obstruction

is occurring when a consonant is formed.

Now, to create an obstruction two bits of your mouth need to be brought together: the

articulators.

One articulator will move, the active articulator, and one will remain stationary, the passive

articulator.

Take the “f” sound in fish, for example.

Here the lower lip is the active articulator and the upper teeth are the passive articulators.

The lower lip moves to the upper teeth, an obstruction is created, air is blown through

and boom, you get a [f] sound.

There are about 12-ish places in the mouth where the articulators can be brought together

to form an obstruction.

There are: Bilabial, labiodental, Dental, Alveolar, Post-alveolar, Retroflex, Palatal,

Velar, Uvular, Pharyngeal, Epi-glottal and Glottal.

Let's break it down.

1.

Bilabial.

Here the obstruction is created using both the upper and lower lips.

In english we have 4-ish Bilabial consonants: [m] as in man, [p] as in pan, [b] as in ban

and [w] is in water

2.

Ladiodental.

Here the lower lip contacts the upper teeth to form sounds like [f] as in fish and [v]

as is van.

3.

Dental.

Here the tip of the tongue touches the upper teeth.

We have 2 sounds here in english: [θ] as in thin, [ð] as in this.

4.

Alveolar.

Here the obstruction occurs at the alveolar ridge – that boney ridge just behind the

upper teeth.

We have a truck load of sounds here in english, namely: [n], [t], [d], [s], [z], [r] and [l]

as in nail, town, dog, sun, zoo, run and laugh.

Oh, and also there's also the rolled r.

Which I cannot do, Lucky, this guy can...

5.

Post, or Palato-alveolar.

So, this is almost the same as alveolar except the tongue moves back about a centimeter in

the mouth.

In english we have two sounds here: [ʃ] as in shine and [ʒ] as in vision.

6.

Retroflex.

We have no retroflex consonants in english.

They are formed by curling the tongue back into the mouth and touching the roof of the

mouth in the general post alveolar area.

They sound a little like this: [ʈ], [ɖ].

As in the Hindi word for island: “tapu”.

Apologies speakers of Hindi and Swedish.

I did my best.

Moving on...

7.

Palatal.

Palatal consonants are where the body of the tongue is raised to the hard palate.

In english we find only one sound here: [j] as in yes.

8.

Velar.

Here the obstruction occurs when the back of the tongue touches the soft palate at the

back of the mouth.

Again, in english we have two sounds here: [k] as in king and [g] as in garden.

9.

Uvular.

Here the back of the tongue touches the uvula – that dangly bit at the back of you're

mouth.

English does not have an uvular consonants but they are widespread through african, middle

eastern and native american languages, amongst others.

Closer to home, french features a uvular trill [R] as in “rendez vous”.

10.

Pharyngeal.

Here's where things start to get a bit weird.

Pharyngeal consonants are articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx.

Don't ask!

Pharyngeals are found primarily in three areas of the world: North Africa and the Middle

East, in the Caucasus and in British Colombia.

Again I can't produce these sounds but luckily my linguistically-inclined-stick-figure friend

is here to help...

11.

Epi-glottal.

As hard as pharyngeals are to pronounce, epiglottals are much, much worse.

Epiglottal consonants are articulated using the aryepiglottic folds against the epiglottis.

If that's to much to get your head around, think of a vocal growl type sound a la Louis

Armstrong and you're kind of on the right track.

Epi-glottals don't feature all that often in human language and they are primarily known

from the Semetic languages of the Middle east.

Again, I hand you over to stick figure dude...

And finally.

12.

Glottal.

These are articulated using the glottis.

Thankfully stickman won't be required here as english has two glottal sounds: [h] as

in home and the glottal stop as in the little catch of air in the throat between “uh”

and “oh” in “uh-oh”.

Now, this is the main consonant chart in the International Phonetic alphabet or IPA for

short.

For now, all we need to know is that the columns are organized by place of articulation.

The active articulator can go on the very top i.e lips, tip, body and back of the tongue,

and glottis.

And below are the 12-ish places of articulation.

Now, its worth noting that this list of 12 places of articulation is far from exhaustive.

I'm looking at you lingolabial trill...but that's another story, for another day.

Stay tuned...

Good morning Interweb.

First up, apologies for this video being a week late.

To make up for this, hopefully, I'll be releasing a new video within the next couple of days.

And if you absolutely cannot wait until then for more Artifexian content, click the yellow

box, to the side, to take you to the Artifexian Podcast.

There's a new episode out; two hours on nothing but language.

Thank you all so much for watching.

Edgar out!