There are many different types of stars out there; some bigger, some smaller than our

own Sun which is technically a yellow dwarf.

However, it’s crucial to know that stars don’t have nice, tidy boundaries.

They don’t have a rigid surface like a rocky planet or moons.

Instead, these atomic fireballs have pretty diffuse surfaces as the super-heated mass

of gas that makes them up slowly thins out into space voids.

What astronomers use in lieu of a surface is a star’s photosphere that’s the level

at which the star becomes transparent.

Therefore, a star’s surface means its photosphere.

Another important thing to keep in mind is that the volume of any star can’t be directly

measured, there are various methodologies to do that.

Curious to learn more about how we measure volumes of stars and the biggest stars in

the universe?

Keep Watching!!

Nobody went up to a star with a ruler and started adding up distances in order to measure

its volume.

What scientists have are estimations — reliable estimations, for the most part, but estimations

nonetheless.

Depending on a range of factors, such as distance or structures around stars or between them

and Earth, these estimations can be more or less accurate, and fall within a smaller or

larger area of confidence.

The question is that “is there any way we can measure the size of a star more directly?”

After all, real stellar spectra aren't exactly like those of blackbodies, so these rough

estimates might be wrong.

It turns out that there are several different methods for measuring the size of a star.

For example, there’re direct imaging, lunar occultation, eclipsing binaries and interferometry.

If you want to measure the size of a star via the direct imaging method, just point

your telescope at it and take a picture.

Measure the angular size of the star in the image, then multiply by the distance to find

the true linear diameter.

What's so hard about that?!

The problem is a phenomenon called diffraction.

If you use a real optical system with an aperture of diameter D, light rays won't come to a

perfect point at the focus; instead, interference from rays entering the aperture at different

locations will form a fuzzy blob of light, surrounded by a series of faint rings forming

a pattern.

This pattern is called the "Airy pattern" after George Airy, Astronomer Royal of England,

who first derived the angular size of the central blob and the rings which surround

it.

The important thing is the angular size of the central blob, measured from its center

to the first minimum in the diffraction pattern.

It helps to work as far into the ultraviolet as possible, since the decrease in wavelength

shrinks the Airy pattern.

Unfortunately, the Earth's atmosphere prevents ultraviolet light from reaching the ground.

Astronomers have used telescopes in space to take near-UV images of a very few stars

in hopes of resolving them.

In at least one case, they have succeeded -- barely.

As for the lunar occultation method, The basic idea is simple, first find a star which will

be covered by the Moon as it moves through the sky, then using a high-speed device, measure

the light from the star as a function of time and finally, calculate the size of the star

from the light curve.

The problem is that it appears that any lunar occultation will be a very quick event.

One will need a high-speed photometer or camera, capable of hundreds of measurements per second

and a big enough telescope to gather enough photons within each frame to make a decent

measurement.

This requirement of collecting lots of photons in a very short time is a killer.

The lunar occultation method is therefore restricted to relatively bright stars.

It's also restricted to stars which happen to lie near the ecliptic, of course.

But ... it's even worse!

It turns out that diffraction makes life difficult for astronomers again.

As the Moon's limb begins to pass in front of the star's disk, it diffracts the light

from the star.

As the Moon's limb approaches and covers a star, we on the Earth see something like this

pattern of alternating dark and light spots moving past our detectors.

So the light curves (intensity versus time) that we record will be somewhat more complicated

than the simple decreasing curve.

Fortunately, the Moon isn't the only "moving knife edge" we can use to determine the sizes

of stars.

There are many instances in which we can use one star as the "moving knife edge" to measure

the size of a second star.

All we have to do is find an eclipsing binary system: a pair of stars orbiting around each

other, oriented in space so that one star passes in front of the other as seen from

the Earth.

If we measure the light coming from such a system carefully, we can detect the decrease

in total intensity as a portion of one of the stars is covered.

Bearing in mind that the diffraction of light waves means that one would have to build an

impossibly high telescope to be able to resolve a star like the Sun at a distance of 10 parsecs.

It would take a mirror hundreds of meters in diameter!

But, in theory at least, it is possible to combine the light from several small telescopes

separated by a similar distance to achieve the same resolution.

This technique is called interferometry.

Radio astronomers do it all the time.

The shorter the waves, the harder it is to combine them properly.

In simple terms, you need to know the distance between the two telescopes to a precision

smaller than the wavelength of the light you are combining.

To combine optical light waves properly, you need to know the distance between the mirrors

to a precision of better than 100 nanometers.

That's hard!

But not impossible.

There are several groups who are currently using optical arrays to do interferometry.

One of them is located near Flagstaff, Arizona.

Before listing the biggest stars in the universe, be sure to like or dislike the video so that

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Here’s the list of The biggest stars in the universe in a descending order:

1- The largest one spotted in the universe so far is UY Scuti, a star 9,500 light-years

away, close to the center of the Milky Way in the constellation Scutum (meaning ‘shield’).

It’s a dust-enshrouded red supergiant (the largest class of stars out there) that’s

around 1,700 times larger than our Sun in diameter.

It was first spotted in 1860 by astronomers at the Bonn Observatory (Germany), who christened

it BD -12 5055.

Subsequent observations showed that BD -12 5055 grows brighter and dimmer over a 740-day

period, so it was classified as a variable star.

Variable stars regularly expand and shrink as their brightness changes.

Hypergiants are larger than supergiants, which themselves are larger than giant stars.

Hypergiants are quite rare and shine brightly.

They also lose more mass than smaller stars through stellar winds.

To give you an idea of just how huge UY Scuti is, if it replaced the Sun at the center of

our solar system, its photosphere would extend past the orbit of Jupiter.

The distance from the Sun to Jupiter is approximately 779 million km, or 484 million miles.

Gas emanating from the star would form a nebula extending 400 astronomical units.

In effect, this would reach far beyond the orbit of Pluto, the average orbiting distance

between Pluto and the Sun is 39.5 AU.

2- WOH G64 (1,504 to 1,730 solar radii) — a red hypergiant star in the Large Magellanic

Cloud in the constellation Dorado (in the southern hemisphere skies) located about 170,000

light-years away from Earth.

This star’s brightness varies over time due, in part, to a torus-shaped cloud of dust

that obscures its light.

The torus was likely formed by the star during its death throes.

WOH G64 was once more than 25 times the mass of the Sun, but it began to lose mass as it

neared exploding as a supernova.

Astronomers estimate that it has lost enough component material to make up between three

and nine solar systems.

3- Mu Cephei (around 1,650 solar radii) — a red supergiant in the constellation Cepheus,

9,000 light-years from Earth.

With more than 38,000 times the Sun’s ​luminosity, it’s also one of the brightest stars in

the Milky Way.

It appears garnet red and is located at the edge of the IC 1396 nebula.

Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as the M2 Ia standard by which other

stars are classified.

Mu Cephei is nearing death.

It has begun to fuse helium into carbon, whereas a main sequence star fuses hydrogen into helium.

When a supergiant star has converted elements in its core to iron, the core collapses to

produce a supernova and the star is destroyed, leaving behind a vast gaseous cloud and a

small, dense remnant.

For a star as massive as Mu Cephei the remnant is likely to be a black hole.

4- V354 Cephei (1,520 solar radii) — a red hypergiant in the constellation Cepheus.

V354 Cephei is an irregularly variable star, which means that it pulsates on an erratic

schedule.

It was referred to only by its listings on relatively obscure catalogs.

It is too faint to be included in catalogs such as the Henry Draper Catalogue or Bonner

Durchmusterung.

It was included on a 1947 Dearborn Observatory survey as star 41575, but that ID is hardly

ever used.

5- RW Cephei (1,535 solar radii) — an orange hypergiant in the constellation of Cepheus;

RW Cephei is also a semi-regular variable star of type SRd, meaning that it is a slowly

varying yellow giant or supergiant.

The visual magnitude range is from 6.0 to 7.3.

6- Westerlund 1-26 (1,530 to 2,550 solar radii).

That’s quite a large estimate interval; if the upper estimate is correct, it would

dwarf even UY Scuti, and its photosphere would reach farther than Saturn’s orbit.

Westerlund 1-26 stands out as its temperature varies over time, but not its brightness.

7- KY Cygni (1,420 to 2,850 solar radii) — a red supergiant in the constellation Cygnus.

The upper estimate is viewed with skepticism as a likely observational error, while the

lower one is consistent with other stars from the same survey and with our understanding

of stellar evolution.

8- VY Canis Majoris (1,300 to 1,540 solar radii) — a red hypergiant star that was

previously estimated to be 1,800 to 2,200 solar radii, but that size put it outside

the bounds of stellar evolutionary theory and were updated.

A hypothetical object travelling at the speed of light would take 6 hours to travel around

the star's circumference, compared to 14.5 seconds for the Sun.

If placed at the center of the Solar System, VY CMa's surface would extend beyond the orbit

of Jupiter, although there is still considerable variation in estimates of the radius, with

some making it larger than the orbit of Saturn.

9- Betelgeuse (950 to 1,200 solar radii) — a red supergiant in the constellation Orion.

Betelgeuse is one of the most well-known stars of its kind, as it’s the ninth-brightest

star in the sky and can easily be seen with the naked eye between October through March

on a clear night.

It’s the closest star to Earth on this list and is expected to go supernova pretty much

at any time.

Thanks For Watching Everyone!!

Do you know any other observed hypergiant stars?

Have you understood the methods by which we can measure the size of different stars?

Have you learned anything new from this video?

Let me know in the comments below, be sure to subscribe, and I’ll see you next time

on the channel!