Athens, 2400 years ago. It’s a compact place: only about a quarter of a million people live here.
Athens, 2400 years ago. It’s a compact place: only about a quarter of a million people live here.

There are fine baths, theatres, temples, shopping arcades and gymnasiums
There are fine baths, theatres, temples, shopping arcades and gymnasiums

It’s warm for more than half the year.
It’s warm for more than half the year.

This is also home to the world’s first true – and probably greatest – philosopher:
This is also home to the world’s first true – and probably greatest – philosopher:

Plato
Plato

Born into a prominent and wealthy family in the city,
Born into a prominent and wealthy family in the city,

Plato devoted his life to one goal: helping people to reach a state of what he termed:
Plato devoted his life to one goal: helping people to reach a state of what he termed:

εὐδαιμονία (Eudaimonia) or fulfilment.
εὐδαιμονία (Eudaimonia) or fulfilment.

Plato is often confused with Socrates
Plato is often confused with Socrates

Socrates was an older friend, who taught Plato a lot but didn’t write any books.
Socrates was an older friend, who taught Plato a lot but didn’t write any books.

Plato wrote lots of them: 36, all dialogues: beautifully crafted scripts of
Plato wrote lots of them: 36, all dialogues: beautifully crafted scripts of

imaginary discussions in which Socrates is always allocated a starring role - among them:
imaginary discussions in which Socrates is always allocated a starring role - among them:

The Republic The Symposium
The Republic The Symposium

The Laws The Meno
The Laws The Meno

and The Apology
and The Apology

Plato had four big ideas for making life more fulfilled.
Plato had four big ideas for making life more fulfilled.

First big idea: Think more
First big idea: Think more

We rarely give ourselves time to think carefully and logically about our lives and how to live
We rarely give ourselves time to think carefully and logically about our lives and how to live

them.
them.

Sometimes we just go along with what the the Greeks called ‘doxa’: ‘popular opinions’.
Sometimes we just go along with what the the Greeks called ‘doxa’: ‘popular opinions’.

In the the 36 books he wrote, Plato showed this ‘common-sense’ to be riddled with
In the the 36 books he wrote, Plato showed this ‘common-sense’ to be riddled with

errors, prejudice and superstition.
errors, prejudice and superstition.

Fame is great
Fame is great

Follow your heart
Follow your heart

Money is the key to a good life
Money is the key to a good life

The problem is, popular opinions edge us towards the wrong values, careers and relationships.
The problem is, popular opinions edge us towards the wrong values, careers and relationships.

Plato’s answer is
Plato’s answer is

‘Know yourself.’
‘Know yourself.’

It means doing a special kind of therapy, philosophy:
It means doing a special kind of therapy, philosophy:

Subjecting your ideas to examination rather than acting on impulse.
Subjecting your ideas to examination rather than acting on impulse.

If you strengthen your self-knowledge, you don’t get so pulled around by feelings.
If you strengthen your self-knowledge, you don’t get so pulled around by feelings.

Plato compared the role of our feelings to being
Plato compared the role of our feelings to being

dragged dangerously along by a group of wild horses.
dragged dangerously along by a group of wild horses.

In honor of his mentor and friend, Socrates, this kind of examination is called a Socratic discussion.
In honor of his mentor and friend, Socrates, this kind of examination is called a Socratic discussion.

You can have it with yourself or ideally, with another person who isn’t
You can have it with yourself or ideally, with another person who isn’t

trying to catch you out but wants to help you clarify your own ideas.
trying to catch you out but wants to help you clarify your own ideas.

Second Big idea: Let your lover change you.
Second Big idea: Let your lover change you.

That sounds weird, if you think that love means
That sounds weird, if you think that love means

finding someone who wants you just the way you are.
finding someone who wants you just the way you are.

In The Symposium , Plato’s play about a dinner party where a group of friends drink
In The Symposium , Plato’s play about a dinner party where a group of friends drink

too much and get talking about love, sex and relationships,
too much and get talking about love, sex and relationships,

Plato says: “True love is admiration.”
Plato says: “True love is admiration.”

In other words, the person you need to get together with should have very good qualities
In other words, the person you need to get together with should have very good qualities

… which you yourself lack.
… which you yourself lack.

Let’s say, they should be really brave
Let’s say, they should be really brave

Or organised.
Or organised.

Or warm and sincere
Or warm and sincere

By getting close to this person, you can become a little like they are.
By getting close to this person, you can become a little like they are.

The right person for us helps us grow to our full potential.
The right person for us helps us grow to our full potential.

For Plato, in a good relationship, a couple shouldn’t love each other exactly as they
For Plato, in a good relationship, a couple shouldn’t love each other exactly as they

are right now.
are right now.

They should be committed to educating each other – and to enduring the stormy passages
They should be committed to educating each other – and to enduring the stormy passages

this inevitably involves.
this inevitably involves.

Each person should want to seduce the other into becoming a better version of themselves.
Each person should want to seduce the other into becoming a better version of themselves.

Three: decode the message of beauty.
Three: decode the message of beauty.

Everyone – pretty much – likes beautiful things
Everyone – pretty much – likes beautiful things

Plato was the first to ask why do we like them?
Plato was the first to ask why do we like them?

He found a fascinating reason:
He found a fascinating reason:

Beautiful objects are whispering important truths to us about the good life …
Beautiful objects are whispering important truths to us about the good life …

We find things beautiful when we unconsciously sense in them qualities we need
We find things beautiful when we unconsciously sense in them qualities we need

but are missing in our lives.
but are missing in our lives.

gentleness
gentleness

harmony
harmony

balance
balance

peace
peace

strength
strength

Beautiful objects therefore have a really important function.
Beautiful objects therefore have a really important function.

They help to educate our souls.
They help to educate our souls.

Ugliness is a serious matter too. it parades dangerous and damaged characteristics in front
Ugliness is a serious matter too. it parades dangerous and damaged characteristics in front

of us. It makes it harder to be wise, kind and calm.
of us. It makes it harder to be wise, kind and calm.

Plato sees art as therapeutic: it is the duty of poets and painters (and nowadays, novelists,
Plato sees art as therapeutic: it is the duty of poets and painters (and nowadays, novelists,

television producers and designers) to help us live good lives.
television producers and designers) to help us live good lives.

Four: Reform society.
Four: Reform society.

Plato spent a lot of time thinking how the government and society should ideally be.
Plato spent a lot of time thinking how the government and society should ideally be.

He was the world’s first utopia thinker.
He was the world’s first utopia thinker.

In this, he was inspired by Athens’s great rival: Sparta.
In this, he was inspired by Athens’s great rival: Sparta.

This was a city-sized machine for turning out great soldiers
This was a city-sized machine for turning out great soldiers

Everything the Spartans did – how they raised their children, how their economy was organised,
Everything the Spartans did – how they raised their children, how their economy was organised,

whom they admired, how they had sex, what they ate – was tailored to that one goal.
whom they admired, how they had sex, what they ate – was tailored to that one goal.

And Sparta was hugely successful, from a military point of view.
And Sparta was hugely successful, from a military point of view.

But that wasn’t Plato’s concern. He wanted to know: how could a society get better at
But that wasn’t Plato’s concern. He wanted to know: how could a society get better at

producing not military power but fulfilled people?
producing not military power but fulfilled people?

In his book, The Republic, Plato identifies a number of changes that should be made:
In his book, The Republic, Plato identifies a number of changes that should be made:

Athenian society was very focused on the rich, like the louche aristocrat Alcibiades, and
Athenian society was very focused on the rich, like the louche aristocrat Alcibiades, and

sports celebrities, like the boxer Milo of Croton.
sports celebrities, like the boxer Milo of Croton.

Plato wasn’t impressed: it really matters who we admire, because celebrities influence our
Plato wasn’t impressed: it really matters who we admire, because celebrities influence our

outlook, ideas and conduct. And bad heroes give glamour to flaws of character.
outlook, ideas and conduct. And bad heroes give glamour to flaws of character.

Plato therefore wanted to give Athens new celebrities, replacing the current crop with
Plato therefore wanted to give Athens new celebrities, replacing the current crop with

ideally wise and good people he called Guardians
ideally wise and good people he called Guardians

models for everyone’s good development. These people
models for everyone’s good development. These people

would be distinguished by their record of public service, their modesty and simple habits,
would be distinguished by their record of public service, their modesty and simple habits,

their dislike of the limelight and their wide and deep experience.
their dislike of the limelight and their wide and deep experience.

They would be the most honored and admired people in society.
They would be the most honored and admired people in society.

He also wanted to end democracy in Athens. He wasn’t crazy. He just observed how few
He also wanted to end democracy in Athens. He wasn’t crazy. He just observed how few

people think properly before they vote and therefore we get very substandard rulers.
people think properly before they vote and therefore we get very substandard rulers.

He didn’t want to replace democracy with horrid dictatorship;
He didn’t want to replace democracy with horrid dictatorship;

but wanted to prevent people from voting until they had started to think rationally. Until
but wanted to prevent people from voting until they had started to think rationally. Until

they had become philosophers. Otherwise, government would just be a kind of mob rule [back to
they had become philosophers. Otherwise, government would just be a kind of mob rule [back to

To help the process, Plato started a school, The Academy, in Athens, which lasted a good
To help the process, Plato started a school, The Academy, in Athens, which lasted a good

300 years. There, pupils learnt not just maths and spelling, but also how to be good and
300 years. There, pupils learnt not just maths and spelling, but also how to be good and

kind.
kind.

His ultimate goal was that politicians should become philosophers: ‘The world will not
His ultimate goal was that politicians should become philosophers: ‘The world will not

be right,’ he said, ‘until kings become philosophers or philosophers kings.’ [show
be right,’ he said, ‘until kings become philosophers or philosophers kings.’ [show

Hollande, Merkel, Cameron all trooping into a uni- then coming out as philosophers]
Hollande, Merkel, Cameron all trooping into a uni- then coming out as philosophers]

Plato’s ideas remain deeply provocative and fascinating. What unites them is their
Plato’s ideas remain deeply provocative and fascinating. What unites them is their

ambition and their idealism. He wanted philosophy to be a tool to help us change the world.
ambition and their idealism. He wanted philosophy to be a tool to help us change the world.

We should continue to be inspired by his example.
We should continue to be inspired by his example.