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Marshall Islands. Now. The legend is that the Marshall Islands
Marshall Islands. Now. The legend is that the Marshall Islands

were created by a god whose name was Lowa. He descended on the atoll Ailinglaplap. And
were created by a god whose name was Lowa. He descended on the atoll Ailinglaplap. And

he created the islands by saying Lowa and islands and there were islands. Lowa and people
he created the islands by saying Lowa and islands and there were islands. Lowa and people

and there were people. Lowa and fish and there were fish and on and on like that.
and there were people. Lowa and fish and there were fish and on and on like that.

So our land, you know, like our mothers, you know, they provide for everything and our
So our land, you know, like our mothers, you know, they provide for everything and our

ocean--same thing. We've always thought about the ocean as our
ocean--same thing. We've always thought about the ocean as our

friends right now it's becoming a threat to us. You know when you find a globe and you
friends right now it's becoming a threat to us. You know when you find a globe and you

give it a whirl and it goes around and around and around and then as the going slows, your
give it a whirl and it goes around and around and around and then as the going slows, your

eyes come to rest on a dash of color that has never caught your attention before? A
eyes come to rest on a dash of color that has never caught your attention before? A

spot that sits on the part of the sphere you normally spin right past? An island so isolated
spot that sits on the part of the sphere you normally spin right past? An island so isolated

that you’re not even sure how you’d explain where it is? Somewhere whose story is seen
that you’re not even sure how you’d explain where it is? Somewhere whose story is seen

as insignificant? A land that’s lost to most of the world; left out of the history
as insignificant? A land that’s lost to most of the world; left out of the history

books apart from a passing mention? That place is here—the Republic of the Marshall Islands.
books apart from a passing mention? That place is here—the Republic of the Marshall Islands.

But unknown, untold, unremembered places aren’t unique. What makes the Marshall Islands’
But unknown, untold, unremembered places aren’t unique. What makes the Marshall Islands’

story singular is not that’s it’s unrecognized from above, but because it’s under siege
story singular is not that’s it’s unrecognized from above, but because it’s under siege

from below, and it’s only when you see it from in the middle that you can understand
from below, and it’s only when you see it from in the middle that you can understand

why. Go on, take a look. You won’t have the chance for long.
why. Go on, take a look. You won’t have the chance for long.

We can talk more about the end of their world later, but first I’ve got to tell you about
We can talk more about the end of their world later, but first I’ve got to tell you about

what we’ve got here. It’s a small nation, the Marshall Islands, with a bit over 50,000
what we’ve got here. It’s a small nation, the Marshall Islands, with a bit over 50,000

residents and 70 square miles of land, split up into 29 atolls—thin rings of land encircling
residents and 70 square miles of land, split up into 29 atolls—thin rings of land encircling

saltwater lagoons. While significant populations can be found on 13 of those atolls, over half
saltwater lagoons. While significant populations can be found on 13 of those atolls, over half

of the Marshallese people can be found on this one, Majuro. About 28,000 live on the
of the Marshallese people can be found on this one, Majuro. About 28,000 live on the

capital atoll, and none of those 28,000 live more than a few-minutes walk from the ocean.
capital atoll, and none of those 28,000 live more than a few-minutes walk from the ocean.

The furthest you can get from the water is about 2,000 feet or 600 meters inland, but
The furthest you can get from the water is about 2,000 feet or 600 meters inland, but

that’s an anomaly. In most spots, water flanks you closely on both sides. In some
that’s an anomaly. In most spots, water flanks you closely on both sides. In some

spots, the atoll gets so thin that you could stand in the lagoon and have a conversation
spots, the atoll gets so thin that you could stand in the lagoon and have a conversation

with someone standing in the ocean. Life on a remote, sunny, coral atoll may sound
with someone standing in the ocean. Life on a remote, sunny, coral atoll may sound

idyllic, but the population density of Majuro—greater than that of Bahrain, Bermuda, or Bangladesh—has
idyllic, but the population density of Majuro—greater than that of Bahrain, Bermuda, or Bangladesh—has

not been kind to the mother atoll. In a part of the world usually thought of as pristine,
not been kind to the mother atoll. In a part of the world usually thought of as pristine,

sparse, and pastoral, Majuro is instead gritty, overcrowded, and urbanized. It’s far from
sparse, and pastoral, Majuro is instead gritty, overcrowded, and urbanized. It’s far from

an island paradise. “Based on the 2011 census, which is the
an island paradise. “Based on the 2011 census, which is the

last census we had, the average household size on Majuro was about seven people and
last census we had, the average household size on Majuro was about seven people and

household income is about sixteen thousand dollars in that neighborhood file. Sixteen
household income is about sixteen thousand dollars in that neighborhood file. Sixteen

thousand divided by seven. You know, if you can, that can be a challenge. That can be
thousand divided by seven. You know, if you can, that can be a challenge. That can be

tough.” Here’s the problem: some places are poor
tough.” Here’s the problem: some places are poor

because they haven’t yet seized their opportunity. Others are poor because they have no opportunity.
because they haven’t yet seized their opportunity. Others are poor because they have no opportunity.

Majuro is in that second category. “Characteristics of the economy here in
Majuro is in that second category. “Characteristics of the economy here in

the islands is, you know, you're looking at fish, coconuts, people, I mean, outside of
the islands is, you know, you're looking at fish, coconuts, people, I mean, outside of

that our natural resources are fairly scarce, and then combined with our challenges with
that our natural resources are fairly scarce, and then combined with our challenges with

education and skills attainment, it makes it even more challenging with people being
education and skills attainment, it makes it even more challenging with people being

laid off her third largest natural resource. There are some major inhibitors for sustaining
laid off her third largest natural resource. There are some major inhibitors for sustaining

economic growth, expanding the economy here in the islands.”
economic growth, expanding the economy here in the islands.”

Like many small islands nations, the Marshall Islands doesn’t have too much in the way
Like many small islands nations, the Marshall Islands doesn’t have too much in the way

of natural resources worth exporting, and even when it does manage to produce something
of natural resources worth exporting, and even when it does manage to produce something

people might want to buy, the cost of shipping it to those potential buyers will have pumped
people might want to buy, the cost of shipping it to those potential buyers will have pumped

up the price so much that it’s no longer worth it. One of the very few things they
up the price so much that it’s no longer worth it. One of the very few things they

make decent business of selling abroad is copra, or dried coconut meat, which is produced
make decent business of selling abroad is copra, or dried coconut meat, which is produced

mainly on outer atolls and then brought into Majuro for processing. It’s a work-intensive
mainly on outer atolls and then brought into Majuro for processing. It’s a work-intensive

process mostly conducted by families who form informal assembly lines, getting paid 50 cents
process mostly conducted by families who form informal assembly lines, getting paid 50 cents

a pound—and even that low wage is the result of heavy government subsidies.
a pound—and even that low wage is the result of heavy government subsidies.

Because creating viable export goods is so difficult, most of the jobs in the Marshall
Because creating viable export goods is so difficult, most of the jobs in the Marshall

Islands are either in government, or the subsistence economy—in other words, most people in the
Islands are either in government, or the subsistence economy—in other words, most people in the

Marshall Islands are providing services or making goods exclusively for the Marshall
Marshall Islands are providing services or making goods exclusively for the Marshall

Islands, which leaves very little opportunity for growth. But, the country does have one
Islands, which leaves very little opportunity for growth. But, the country does have one

tiny little asset that keeps it running—its location. A location that makes the Marshall
tiny little asset that keeps it running—its location. A location that makes the Marshall

Islands attractive to one of the world’s biggest businesses—the US Military. The
Islands attractive to one of the world’s biggest businesses—the US Military. The

American military presence can be found mainly on Kwajalein Atoll, which serves as a key
American military presence can be found mainly on Kwajalein Atoll, which serves as a key

test site for the US ballistic missile defense system, among other purposes. In the end,
test site for the US ballistic missile defense system, among other purposes. In the end,

it’s simple logic: The US Military wants access to the Marshall Islands, the Marshall
it’s simple logic: The US Military wants access to the Marshall Islands, the Marshall

Islands wants money and security, and thus, an agreement exists—the Compact of Free
Islands wants money and security, and thus, an agreement exists—the Compact of Free

Association. “So the Compact of Free Association, it
Association. “So the Compact of Free Association, it

basically lays the foundation for the relationship between the United States and the freely associated
basically lays the foundation for the relationship between the United States and the freely associated

states.” “One section of the compact deals with the relationship between our peoples
states.” “One section of the compact deals with the relationship between our peoples

and it allows for qualified citizens to live and work and study in the United States without
and it allows for qualified citizens to live and work and study in the United States without

a visa. There is another section of the compact that generally governs economics and it provides
a visa. There is another section of the compact that generally governs economics and it provides

for grants and services, all kinds of USG assistance coming to the Marshall Islands,
for grants and services, all kinds of USG assistance coming to the Marshall Islands,

and the third big section of the compact has to do with security provisions. The United
and the third big section of the compact has to do with security provisions. The United

States is the guarantor of security in the Marshall Islands.”
States is the guarantor of security in the Marshall Islands.”

It’s difficult to overstate the significance of the compact—it’s the basis for the
It’s difficult to overstate the significance of the compact—it’s the basis for the

entire modern economic and political system of the Marshalls—and while each of the three
entire modern economic and political system of the Marshalls—and while each of the three

sections has an enormous impact on the country, perhaps none is more consequential than the
sections has an enormous impact on the country, perhaps none is more consequential than the

second: financial aid. “The Marshalls are heavily dependent on
second: financial aid. “The Marshalls are heavily dependent on

money from donors or from the United States. That's a tremendous part of the national income,
money from donors or from the United States. That's a tremendous part of the national income,

upwards of 70, 80 percent.” “The U.S. provides approximately 100 million dollars
upwards of 70, 80 percent.” “The U.S. provides approximately 100 million dollars

every year to the RMI as a combination of grants and services and programs.”
every year to the RMI as a combination of grants and services and programs.”

Now, it’s a big world out there, and there are quite a few places the US could send $100
Now, it’s a big world out there, and there are quite a few places the US could send $100

million a year to in exchange for military access, so why here? Why is there this strange
million a year to in exchange for military access, so why here? Why is there this strange

partnership between one of the world’s largest superpowers and one of the world’s smallest
partnership between one of the world’s largest superpowers and one of the world’s smallest

countries? Well, like most strange things, it came as the result of millions of years
countries? Well, like most strange things, it came as the result of millions of years

of chance and circumstance. About 70 million years ago, 29 ancient volcanoes
of chance and circumstance. About 70 million years ago, 29 ancient volcanoes

in what we would now call the North Pacific came to life and spewed out lava which quickly
in what we would now call the North Pacific came to life and spewed out lava which quickly

cooled and built up into under-ocean volcanic structures until they grew so much that they
cooled and built up into under-ocean volcanic structures until they grew so much that they

emerged above the water and became islands. Around these islands, coral began to form,
emerged above the water and became islands. Around these islands, coral began to form,

eventually coalescing into what’s known as a fringing coral reef, which encircled
eventually coalescing into what’s known as a fringing coral reef, which encircled

each island. Time went on, the dinosaurs ruled, then died or became birds, then mammals started
each island. Time went on, the dinosaurs ruled, then died or became birds, then mammals started

mattering, and so on and so on, and as that all happened those islands were slowly eroding
mattering, and so on and so on, and as that all happened those islands were slowly eroding

and undergoing subsidence—they slowly sunk into the sea. Eventually, the islands disappeared
and undergoing subsidence—they slowly sunk into the sea. Eventually, the islands disappeared

under the ocean, but the coral reefs that had formed around them remained. It is these
under the ocean, but the coral reefs that had formed around them remained. It is these

29 rings of coral, called atolls, that make up what’s now known as the Marshall Islands.
29 rings of coral, called atolls, that make up what’s now known as the Marshall Islands.

Sometime, millions of years later, but 4,000 years before today, the first Marshallese
Sometime, millions of years later, but 4,000 years before today, the first Marshallese

settlers arrived on the islands, coming from either here, here, here, or here—or some
settlers arrived on the islands, coming from either here, here, here, or here—or some

combination of those places. They split the atolls into two chains: the eastern Ralik,
combination of those places. They split the atolls into two chains: the eastern Ralik,

or sunrise chain, and the western Ratak, or sunset chain. From those early Marshallese,
or sunrise chain, and the western Ratak, or sunset chain. From those early Marshallese,

eight clans emerged, of which, four became dominant. The “chee-tea” conquered Northern
eight clans emerged, of which, four became dominant. The “chee-tea” conquered Northern

Ralik, the “arab-ra-joey” took southern Ralik, and the “roo-may-your” clan conquered
Ralik, the “arab-ra-joey” took southern Ralik, and the “roo-may-your” clan conquered

nearly all of Ratak, but then gave nearly all of it to their offspring, of the “rah-no”
nearly all of Ratak, but then gave nearly all of it to their offspring, of the “rah-no”

clan. These early Marshallese wore traditional clothing,
clan. These early Marshallese wore traditional clothing,

which looked like this, lived in large community-based homes, which looked like this, and practiced
which looked like this, lived in large community-based homes, which looked like this, and practiced

a religion that involved complex dances and tattoos, which looked like this.
a religion that involved complex dances and tattoos, which looked like this.

The first Western explorers to find the Marshall Islands were Spaniards—and there were a
The first Western explorers to find the Marshall Islands were Spaniards—and there were a

few of them. The first one was this guy, in 1526, then this guy in 1529, and then this
few of them. The first one was this guy, in 1526, then this guy in 1529, and then this

guy in 1530. Over the next three hundred years, more explorers stopped through the Marshalls—including
guy in 1530. Over the next three hundred years, more explorers stopped through the Marshalls—including

Frenchmen, Russians, and this guy, British Captain John Charles Marshall in 1788, after
Frenchmen, Russians, and this guy, British Captain John Charles Marshall in 1788, after

whom the islands were named on Western maps. Technically, during this time, the Spanish
whom the islands were named on Western maps. Technically, during this time, the Spanish

claimed sovereignty over the Marshall Islands as part of the Spanish East Indies, which
claimed sovereignty over the Marshall Islands as part of the Spanish East Indies, which

included all of this, but that claim was largely just theoretical. The Spanish never had a
included all of this, but that claim was largely just theoretical. The Spanish never had a

formal administration, never tried to exert influence, and never even really visited apart
formal administration, never tried to exert influence, and never even really visited apart

from those early explorers, whose only real impact had been giving the Marshallese European
from those early explorers, whose only real impact had been giving the Marshallese European

diseases. Much more relevant to the actual history of
diseases. Much more relevant to the actual history of

the Marshalls was the presence of these people: Boston missionaries who first arrived in 1857
the Marshalls was the presence of these people: Boston missionaries who first arrived in 1857

aboard the Morning Star. They landed here, on Ebon atoll and were met by Chief Kabua,
aboard the Morning Star. They landed here, on Ebon atoll and were met by Chief Kabua,

whose great, great—some number of greats—grandson was the first president of the Marshall Islands,
whose great, great—some number of greats—grandson was the first president of the Marshall Islands,

and whose some greater number of greats grandson is the current president. Chief Kabua allowed
and whose some greater number of greats grandson is the current president. Chief Kabua allowed

the missionaries to stay there, where they began spreading Christianity throughout the
the missionaries to stay there, where they began spreading Christianity throughout the

islands. Not only were they teaching them about this guy and this book, they also actively
islands. Not only were they teaching them about this guy and this book, they also actively

changed Marshallese culture, even going so far as to ban traditional tattooing and dancing
changed Marshallese culture, even going so far as to ban traditional tattooing and dancing

because they referenced the traditional Marshallese religion.
because they referenced the traditional Marshallese religion.

Soon, the Marshall Islands changed even more, as the first genuine Western settlers, the
Soon, the Marshall Islands changed even more, as the first genuine Western settlers, the

Germans, began to make residence in the islands. In 1875 they signed a Treaty of Friendship
Germans, began to make residence in the islands. In 1875 they signed a Treaty of Friendship

with Chief Kabua, and developed a consulate, trading posts, and economic ties, eventually
with Chief Kabua, and developed a consulate, trading posts, and economic ties, eventually

buying the Marshalls from Spain in 1885, the same year they worked with Chief Kabua to
buying the Marshalls from Spain in 1885, the same year they worked with Chief Kabua to

make the Marshall Islands an official German protectorate. Also, importantly, they brought
make the Marshall Islands an official German protectorate. Also, importantly, they brought

in more missionaries who spread even more Christianity.
in more missionaries who spread even more Christianity.

But then, in 1914, the Germans decided to invade here, which led to here invading here,
But then, in 1914, the Germans decided to invade here, which led to here invading here,

and then here invading here, and then here invading here, and then here invading here,
and then here invading here, and then here invading here, and then here invading here,

and also, not that many people paid attention to it, the Japanese invading here: the Marshall
and also, not that many people paid attention to it, the Japanese invading here: the Marshall

Islands. Japan took the Marshalls in part for strategic reasons, in part for economic
Islands. Japan took the Marshalls in part for strategic reasons, in part for economic

reasons. After all, even in the final years of German rule, they controlled over 80% of
reasons. After all, even in the final years of German rule, they controlled over 80% of

the island’s trade. Once World War I ended and all these people got together to sign
the island’s trade. Once World War I ended and all these people got together to sign

the Treaty of Versailles, the Council of the League of Nations gave control of the Marshall
the Treaty of Versailles, the Council of the League of Nations gave control of the Marshall

Islands to the Japanese. While in power, they expanded their administration, introduced
Islands to the Japanese. While in power, they expanded their administration, introduced

Japanese culture, and moved about 1,000 Japanese citizens to the islands.
Japanese culture, and moved about 1,000 Japanese citizens to the islands.

But then, because of some things going on here and here and also here, the Japanese
But then, because of some things going on here and here and also here, the Japanese

decided to drop bombs here, which led to the United States entering World War II and eventually
decided to drop bombs here, which led to the United States entering World War II and eventually

taking the Marshalls from the Japanese in 1944. And then came this:
taking the Marshalls from the Japanese in 1944. And then came this:

When the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, it began a new
When the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, it began a new

chapter in the world’s history: the nuclear age. For some, it was exciting. There were
chapter in the world’s history: the nuclear age. For some, it was exciting. There were

mushroom cloud cakes, Miss Atomic beauty pageants, and talk of unlimited clean energy, unparalleled
mushroom cloud cakes, Miss Atomic beauty pageants, and talk of unlimited clean energy, unparalleled

military dominance, and an everlasting world peace. But, of course, the enduring legacy
military dominance, and an everlasting world peace. But, of course, the enduring legacy

of nuclear weapons is not peace or energy, but destruction. And while what happened in
of nuclear weapons is not peace or energy, but destruction. And while what happened in

Hiroshima and Nagasaki can be found in any book of modern history, there’s another
Hiroshima and Nagasaki can be found in any book of modern history, there’s another

chapter of the nuclear story that’s told far less often: that of the Marshall Islands.
chapter of the nuclear story that’s told far less often: that of the Marshall Islands.

“So what happened at the end of World War 2 was there had already been three nuclear
“So what happened at the end of World War 2 was there had already been three nuclear

weapons detonated—one in New Mexico and then Hiroshima and Nagasaki—but the United
weapons detonated—one in New Mexico and then Hiroshima and Nagasaki—but the United

States at that time, not just the United States, the Russians, too—they wanted to increase
States at that time, not just the United States, the Russians, too—they wanted to increase

their knowledge about the new nuclear testing, and so they needed a testing ground, and when
their knowledge about the new nuclear testing, and so they needed a testing ground, and when

they looked around the globe, they needed several requirements for a proving ground
they looked around the globe, they needed several requirements for a proving ground

for their nuclear testing—it had to be out of the way of major airline and shipping routes,
for their nuclear testing—it had to be out of the way of major airline and shipping routes,

had to be under the control of the United States, had to have a really wide area lagoon
had to be under the control of the United States, had to have a really wide area lagoon

to anchor the ships to do the testing with, somewhere really far out of the way, and they
to anchor the ships to do the testing with, somewhere really far out of the way, and they

looked around the map and they saw Bikini.” Bikini Atoll sits at the northern end of the
looked around the map and they saw Bikini.” Bikini Atoll sits at the northern end of the

Ralik chain, 2.3 square miles of land encircling a 229 square mile lagoon. It was perfect:
Ralik chain, 2.3 square miles of land encircling a 229 square mile lagoon. It was perfect:

the right size, the right shape, the right location, and the right political status,
the right size, the right shape, the right location, and the right political status,

as the US had been given jurisdiction over the Marshall Islands at the end of the war.
as the US had been given jurisdiction over the Marshall Islands at the end of the war.

And so, onto tiny Bikini Atoll, the United States moved in 42,000 personnel on 242 ships,
And so, onto tiny Bikini Atoll, the United States moved in 42,000 personnel on 242 ships,

and began to experiment with the greatest power ever unleashed by mankind.
and began to experiment with the greatest power ever unleashed by mankind.

First there was the Crossroads Able bomb, 21 kilotons, far greater than Little Boy,
First there was the Crossroads Able bomb, 21 kilotons, far greater than Little Boy,

the 15 kiloton bomb dropped on Hiroshima; then, Crossroads Baker, 23 kilotons; but these
the 15 kiloton bomb dropped on Hiroshima; then, Crossroads Baker, 23 kilotons; but these

were nothing compared to what came next: Castle Bravo. Detonated on March 1, 1954, this bomb
were nothing compared to what came next: Castle Bravo. Detonated on March 1, 1954, this bomb

produced the most powerful explosion the world had ever seen—15 megatons; one thousand
produced the most powerful explosion the world had ever seen—15 megatons; one thousand

times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb. For the United States, it was a triumph: the
times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb. For the United States, it was a triumph: the

greatest example yet of nuclear technology’s potential. For Nerje Joseph, on neighboring
greatest example yet of nuclear technology’s potential. For Nerje Joseph, on neighboring

Rongelap Atoll, it was the start of a long nightmare.
Rongelap Atoll, it was the start of a long nightmare.

“My name is Nerje Joseph. I come from Rongelap…and then I was in Rongelap in 1954, nuclear detonation.”
“My name is Nerje Joseph. I come from Rongelap…and then I was in Rongelap in 1954, nuclear detonation.”

Nerje was only eight on Bravo Day. Today, at 74, she still remembers it vividly.
Nerje was only eight on Bravo Day. Today, at 74, she still remembers it vividly.

“When it went off we didn't know what was going on but, we saw lots of different colors.
“When it went off we didn't know what was going on but, we saw lots of different colors.

It looked like a rainbow.” “Later that day, there were a lot of powders that fell
It looked like a rainbow.” “Later that day, there were a lot of powders that fell

from the sky and we didn't know what it was and it looked like snow. They covered their
from the sky and we didn't know what it was and it looked like snow. They covered their

land, hair, skin, and their drinking water and when they wanted to drink water, they
land, hair, skin, and their drinking water and when they wanted to drink water, they

had to get rid of the powder to be able to drink water.”
had to get rid of the powder to be able to drink water.”

That powder, of course, was nuclear fallout: pulverized pieces of coral laced with radiation
That powder, of course, was nuclear fallout: pulverized pieces of coral laced with radiation

that had been shot up into the air, and carried by wind onto Rongelap. But the people of Rongelap
that had been shot up into the air, and carried by wind onto Rongelap. But the people of Rongelap

had no idea what it was—some of the kids even stuck their tongues out and let it fall
had no idea what it was—some of the kids even stuck their tongues out and let it fall

into their mouths, thinking it was snow. Despite the enormous danger posed to the people of
into their mouths, thinking it was snow. Despite the enormous danger posed to the people of

Rongelap, the US didn’t evacuate them for two days. By that time, the radiation sickness
Rongelap, the US didn’t evacuate them for two days. By that time, the radiation sickness

had started to take hold. “I remember there was an airplane that came
had started to take hold. “I remember there was an airplane that came

in and people with uniform with medals on them came and stopped them from drinking and
in and people with uniform with medals on them came and stopped them from drinking and

eating food on the land.” “After they took us to Kwajalean that's when we started
eating food on the land.” “After they took us to Kwajalean that's when we started

feeling sick. We started throwing up, having diarrhea, we were feeling really cold and
feeling sick. We started throwing up, having diarrhea, we were feeling really cold and

we were aching all of our body.” Of the hundreds of people on Rongelap that
we were aching all of our body.” Of the hundreds of people on Rongelap that

day, Nerje is one of just ten who are still alive. No one on Rongelap died that day, but
day, Nerje is one of just ten who are still alive. No one on Rongelap died that day, but

that doesn’t mean the bomb didn’t kill them. Many fell victim to thyroid cancer,
that doesn’t mean the bomb didn’t kill them. Many fell victim to thyroid cancer,

which has been linked to the fallout from Bravo, and none have been able to return to
which has been linked to the fallout from Bravo, and none have been able to return to

their home. “I want to go back, but I don't know that
their home. “I want to go back, but I don't know that

I can, because they told me that it is still nuclear active.”
I can, because they told me that it is still nuclear active.”

The collateral damage of nuclear testing isn’t limited only to the people of Rongelap. There’s
The collateral damage of nuclear testing isn’t limited only to the people of Rongelap. There’s

another group of victims, whose pain began before a single bomb was detonated—the 167
another group of victims, whose pain began before a single bomb was detonated—the 167

inhabitants of Bikini atoll. To the United States, once they’d identified Bikini as
inhabitants of Bikini atoll. To the United States, once they’d identified Bikini as

a suitable test site, its people were more of an afterthought than an obstacle.
a suitable test site, its people were more of an afterthought than an obstacle.

“They ask them if they're there, they'd be willing to move for the good of mankind
“They ask them if they're there, they'd be willing to move for the good of mankind

and to end all world wars. And Judah, the leader of the Bikinians, he just keeps standing
and to end all world wars. And Judah, the leader of the Bikinians, he just keeps standing

up and saying the same answer every time he says [speaking in Marshallese], which is ‘everything's
up and saying the same answer every time he says [speaking in Marshallese], which is ‘everything's

in the hands of God.’ And if you know what I know about Marshallese culture, if someone
in the hands of God.’ And if you know what I know about Marshallese culture, if someone

said to me, if I asked them if I could do something, they said everything's in the hands
said to me, if I asked them if I could do something, they said everything's in the hands

of God. That's about as much as a no as you're ever gonna get. I mean, it's in the hands
of God. That's about as much as a no as you're ever gonna get. I mean, it's in the hands

of God. You better be careful, but if you watch today, the twenty six takes of the same
of God. You better be careful, but if you watch today, the twenty six takes of the same

shot that the Commodore stands up dust off his pants. In the end, he says, well, everything
shot that the Commodore stands up dust off his pants. In the end, he says, well, everything

being in the hands of God, it cannot be other than good, and off he walks.”
being in the hands of God, it cannot be other than good, and off he walks.”

With that, the people of Bikini were evacuated, and while they were told, of course, that
With that, the people of Bikini were evacuated, and while they were told, of course, that

they would one day be able to return to their home, that—like so many things the Marshalls
they would one day be able to return to their home, that—like so many things the Marshalls

were told as nuclear testing began—was a lie. After they were evacuated, the Bikinians
were told as nuclear testing began—was a lie. After they were evacuated, the Bikinians

underwent a grueling saga, placed by the United States here, on uninhabited Rongerik Atoll,
underwent a grueling saga, placed by the United States here, on uninhabited Rongerik Atoll,

which they soon discovered had toxic fish and land where nothing grew.
which they soon discovered had toxic fish and land where nothing grew.

“So but I think the US looked at Rongerik and looked at bikini: ‘palm trees, beach,
“So but I think the US looked at Rongerik and looked at bikini: ‘palm trees, beach,

looks the same.’ You'll just go there and they dropped them off there, the Bikinians
looks the same.’ You'll just go there and they dropped them off there, the Bikinians

and they starved." After two years, they were moved to tents
and they starved." After two years, they were moved to tents

here at Kwajalein base, then finally here, to Kili Island. And meanwhile, with each bomb
here at Kwajalein base, then finally here, to Kili Island. And meanwhile, with each bomb

the Americans detonated, more and more of the Bikinian’s land was vaporized. The little
the Americans detonated, more and more of the Bikinian’s land was vaporized. The little

that remained was laced with nuclear radiation that wouldn’t dissipate for thousands of
that remained was laced with nuclear radiation that wouldn’t dissipate for thousands of

years. “And in the in the mid early nineteen late
years. “And in the in the mid early nineteen late

1960s, President Johnson on the front page of The New York Times on a Sunday edition
1960s, President Johnson on the front page of The New York Times on a Sunday edition

said that bikini was now safe on recommendations from the Atomic Energy Commission that everybody
said that bikini was now safe on recommendations from the Atomic Energy Commission that everybody

could go back.” While they were skeptical, many were so desperate
could go back.” While they were skeptical, many were so desperate

to return home that they went, choosing to trust the Americans. Perhaps unsurprisingly,
to return home that they went, choosing to trust the Americans. Perhaps unsurprisingly,

that trust was not rewarded. “After about eight or nine years, they discovered
that trust was not rewarded. “After about eight or nine years, they discovered

that the people were ingesting the food grown on the island and the cesium 137 radioactive
that the people were ingesting the food grown on the island and the cesium 137 radioactive

element was going up into the crops and they're eating this. So it was discovered in the late
element was going up into the crops and they're eating this. So it was discovered in the late

70s that they had these very high body burdens of cesium 137, so they moved them off again
70s that they had these very high body burdens of cesium 137, so they moved them off again

and they haven't been back since.” In the end, the United States dropped 67 nuclear
and they haven't been back since.” In the end, the United States dropped 67 nuclear

bombs on the Marshall Islands between 1946 and 1948; still today, many parts of the the
bombs on the Marshall Islands between 1946 and 1948; still today, many parts of the the

country show radiation levels that far exceed those of Chernobyl.
country show radiation levels that far exceed those of Chernobyl.

“It was really, the Cold War was fought and won by the United States on the shores
“It was really, the Cold War was fought and won by the United States on the shores

of Bikini and Enewetak in the Marshall Islands. We really gave a lot to the United States,
of Bikini and Enewetak in the Marshall Islands. We really gave a lot to the United States,

and the idea that it's not even talked about. It's really kind of for lack of a better word,
and the idea that it's not even talked about. It's really kind of for lack of a better word,

I would say it's insulting.” As the Marshall Islands struggles to lift
I would say it's insulting.” As the Marshall Islands struggles to lift

itself from the crater of nuclear testing, a new threat looms—one whose capacity for
itself from the crater of nuclear testing, a new threat looms—one whose capacity for

destruction dwarfs that of an atomic warhead: water.
destruction dwarfs that of an atomic warhead: water.

Recall for a moment the attributes of an atoll—comprised of coral, small in size, and notably narrow.
Recall for a moment the attributes of an atoll—comprised of coral, small in size, and notably narrow.

Now, add to that mental picture two more tragic geological truths—atolls are extraordinarily
Now, add to that mental picture two more tragic geological truths—atolls are extraordinarily

low-lying, and exceedingly flat, which is to say, by their very nature, atolls are uniquely,
low-lying, and exceedingly flat, which is to say, by their very nature, atolls are uniquely,

acutely susceptible to the deadly power of a rising sea.
acutely susceptible to the deadly power of a rising sea.

“The implications are dire for this atoll nation and similar atoll nations.”
“The implications are dire for this atoll nation and similar atoll nations.”

Most of the atolls of the Marshall Islands sit at less than six feet above sea level.
Most of the atolls of the Marshall Islands sit at less than six feet above sea level.

Marshallese homes, businesses, streets, people sit at less than six feet above sea level.
Marshallese homes, businesses, streets, people sit at less than six feet above sea level.

As temperatures rise, and seas with them, that six feet begins to disappear fast.
As temperatures rise, and seas with them, that six feet begins to disappear fast.

“Imagine an aircraft carrier that has a free board of perhaps, I don't know, 150 feet.
“Imagine an aircraft carrier that has a free board of perhaps, I don't know, 150 feet.

But if you lowered that free board to six feet and sea level rose seven feet. Well,
But if you lowered that free board to six feet and sea level rose seven feet. Well,

the picture is pretty plain for anyone to, to imagine. And that's precisely what is predicted
the picture is pretty plain for anyone to, to imagine. And that's precisely what is predicted

to happen and what is happening gradually for atolls.”
to happen and what is happening gradually for atolls.”

"It's not just erosion, but there's actual land loss. Submergence, but also the deprivation
"It's not just erosion, but there's actual land loss. Submergence, but also the deprivation

of the use of land for any viable purpose, including simply to live on.”
of the use of land for any viable purpose, including simply to live on.”

“People who have not visited an atoll have really no concept of what it means not to
“People who have not visited an atoll have really no concept of what it means not to

have land in an oceanic expanse as vast as the Pacific. So any loss in land is dire.
have land in an oceanic expanse as vast as the Pacific. So any loss in land is dire.

30 feet of land on a high island is still significant, but 30 feet of land loss or unavailability
30 feet of land on a high island is still significant, but 30 feet of land loss or unavailability

of land for living is a tragedy on an atoll.” For the Marshallese, land loss isn’t just
of land for living is a tragedy on an atoll.” For the Marshallese, land loss isn’t just

devastating from a scientific perspective; it’s corrosive to the fundamental tenets
devastating from a scientific perspective; it’s corrosive to the fundamental tenets

of their culture. While nearly all societies prize land, in the Marshall Islands, the relationship
of their culture. While nearly all societies prize land, in the Marshall Islands, the relationship

between its people and land is especially precious.
between its people and land is especially precious.

"You have to understand that every Marshallese is attached to a piece of land. Like, my kids
"You have to understand that every Marshallese is attached to a piece of land. Like, my kids

all have, they know where their pieces of land are on Bikini and that's their gift from
all have, they know where their pieces of land are on Bikini and that's their gift from

God and that's like their anchor in life.” “Marshallese people have a connection to
God and that's like their anchor in life.” “Marshallese people have a connection to

land.” “We have a connection to place. Again, like I said, everybody owns land in
land.” “We have a connection to place. Again, like I said, everybody owns land in

the Marshalls, and then but just not just that. Every piece of land has some story,
the Marshalls, and then but just not just that. Every piece of land has some story,

some markings, some name. You know, that's ancient, that's deep. What happens to that
some markings, some name. You know, that's ancient, that's deep. What happens to that

knowledge if you lose that land, if you lose that connection? What happens to who you are
knowledge if you lose that land, if you lose that connection? What happens to who you are

as a person? To our identity?" But the Marshallese—the people who settled
as a person? To our identity?" But the Marshallese—the people who settled

distant atolls, who navigated through an unforgiving sea, who endured colonization, disease, war,
distant atolls, who navigated through an unforgiving sea, who endured colonization, disease, war,

and 63 nuclear bombs—refused to allow their ocean to be turned into a weapon against them.
and 63 nuclear bombs—refused to allow their ocean to be turned into a weapon against them.

And so, they decided to fight back…but they couldn’t do it alone.
And so, they decided to fight back…but they couldn’t do it alone.

“At the end of the day, the Marshall Islands is 0.0001 percent of the world's global emissions.
“At the end of the day, the Marshall Islands is 0.0001 percent of the world's global emissions.

We could be the most polarized island on the planet and it would still go underwater if
We could be the most polarized island on the planet and it would still go underwater if

the rest of the world doesn't take it into consideration and make changes, right? So
the rest of the world doesn't take it into consideration and make changes, right? So

we have to fight on a global level.” What the Marshallese, through their climate
we have to fight on a global level.” What the Marshallese, through their climate

activism, are fighting to defend is complex and multi-faceted—a combination of culture,
activism, are fighting to defend is complex and multi-faceted—a combination of culture,

tradition, soil, coral, homes, language, history, and people. Yet what they hope to achieve
tradition, soil, coral, homes, language, history, and people. Yet what they hope to achieve

can be condensed to a single number: 1.5. 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels;
can be condensed to a single number: 1.5. 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels;

that’s the magic number for the Marshallese, the limit for how much the Earth can warm
that’s the magic number for the Marshallese, the limit for how much the Earth can warm

before their island home becomes uninhabitable. If global temperatures creep above 1.5, it’s
before their island home becomes uninhabitable. If global temperatures creep above 1.5, it’s

lights out. Streets and houses flood. Land disappears. Crops die. Above 1.5, the atolls
lights out. Streets and houses flood. Land disappears. Crops die. Above 1.5, the atolls

which, for thousands of years, have supported life, transform into engines of death.
which, for thousands of years, have supported life, transform into engines of death.

Mitigating climate change in any meaningful way is already a nearly insurmountable endeavor.
Mitigating climate change in any meaningful way is already a nearly insurmountable endeavor.

Limiting it to 1.5 would be next to impossible. The Marshallese would face opposition from
Limiting it to 1.5 would be next to impossible. The Marshallese would face opposition from

not only governments and industry, but also from other climate change activists, whose
not only governments and industry, but also from other climate change activists, whose

focus had long been on a different number: 2.
focus had long been on a different number: 2.

Limiting temperature rise to 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels had, for many years,
Limiting temperature rise to 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels had, for many years,

been the aim of policy, the object of studies, and the goal of activists. In the mainstream
been the aim of policy, the object of studies, and the goal of activists. In the mainstream

climate change debate, 2 wasn’t the backup, the worst case scenario, the not-too-bad.
climate change debate, 2 wasn’t the backup, the worst case scenario, the not-too-bad.

2 was seen as the ideal, the ambition, the gold standard.
2 was seen as the ideal, the ambition, the gold standard.

1.5, on the other hand, was, to many, a pipe dream. It was called unrealistic, impossible,
1.5, on the other hand, was, to many, a pipe dream. It was called unrealistic, impossible,

a distraction—but the Marshallese knew it was the only way for their atolls to survive.
a distraction—but the Marshallese knew it was the only way for their atolls to survive.

And it was not just the Marshalls; above 1.5, atoll nations like Tuvalu, the Maldives, and
And it was not just the Marshalls; above 1.5, atoll nations like Tuvalu, the Maldives, and

Kiribati would face the same fate. Among these most vulnerable countries, a motto soon emerged:
Kiribati would face the same fate. Among these most vulnerable countries, a motto soon emerged:

1.5 to stay alive.
1.5 to stay alive.

The fight for 1.5 would be far from easy, but they knew where it would have to be won—the
The fight for 1.5 would be far from easy, but they knew where it would have to be won—the

2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris, where 196 countries would come together
2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris, where 196 countries would come together

to develop a global plan for combating global warming. But, before they could do that, they
to develop a global plan for combating global warming. But, before they could do that, they

had to build influence. A Marshallese government minster named Tony de Brum started building
had to build influence. A Marshallese government minster named Tony de Brum started building

relationships and rallying support around the world, making a name for the small Marshall
relationships and rallying support around the world, making a name for the small Marshall

Islands in the big world of climate change activism. He represented the Marshalls at
Islands in the big world of climate change activism. He represented the Marshalls at

conferences and meetings all over the world—in Copenhagen, in Doha, in Warsaw, in Lima, joining
conferences and meetings all over the world—in Copenhagen, in Doha, in Warsaw, in Lima, joining

with other countries as part of the Alliance of Small Island States. And while de Brum
with other countries as part of the Alliance of Small Island States. And while de Brum

made impressive progress, when it comes geopolitics, there’s only so much influence and power
made impressive progress, when it comes geopolitics, there’s only so much influence and power

that can be amassed by an atoll nation with a population lower than most small cities.
that can be amassed by an atoll nation with a population lower than most small cities.

So, he began work on a new coalition, one that could emerge at Paris to force the conversation
So, he began work on a new coalition, one that could emerge at Paris to force the conversation

to 1.5, but it needed a spark. In September 2014, that spark came, when the UN Climate
to 1.5, but it needed a spark. In September 2014, that spark came, when the UN Climate

Summit invited Marshallese poet Kathy Jetnil-Kijiner to speak at their Opening Ceremony. With the
Summit invited Marshallese poet Kathy Jetnil-Kijiner to speak at their Opening Ceremony. With the

entire nation on her shoulders, she read to the gathered leaders of the world a letter
entire nation on her shoulders, she read to the gathered leaders of the world a letter

she had written
she had written

to her newborn daughter.
to her newborn daughter.

“Kathy: Dear matafele peinam, you are a seven month old sunrise of gummy smiles you
“Kathy: Dear matafele peinam, you are a seven month old sunrise of gummy smiles you

are bald as an egg and bald as the buddha you are thighs that are thunder and shrieks
are bald as an egg and bald as the buddha you are thighs that are thunder and shrieks

that are lightning so excited for bananas, hugs and our morning walks past the lagoon
that are lightning so excited for bananas, hugs and our morning walks past the lagoon

dear matafele peinam, i want to tell you about that lagoon that lucid, sleepy lagoon lounging
dear matafele peinam, i want to tell you about that lagoon that lucid, sleepy lagoon lounging

against the sunrise men say that one day that lagoon will devour you they say it will gnaw
against the sunrise men say that one day that lagoon will devour you they say it will gnaw

at the shoreline chew at the roots of your breadfruit trees gulp down rows of your seawalls
at the shoreline chew at the roots of your breadfruit trees gulp down rows of your seawalls

and crunch your island’s shattered bones they say you, your daughter and your granddaughter,
and crunch your island’s shattered bones they say you, your daughter and your granddaughter,

too will wander rootless with only a passport to call home dear matafele peinam, don’t
too will wander rootless with only a passport to call home dear matafele peinam, don’t

cry mommy promises you no one will come and devour you no greedy whale of a company sharking
cry mommy promises you no one will come and devour you no greedy whale of a company sharking

through political seas no backwater bullying of businesses with broken morals no blindfolded
through political seas no backwater bullying of businesses with broken morals no blindfolded

bureaucracies gonna push this mother ocean over the edge no one’s drowning, baby no
bureaucracies gonna push this mother ocean over the edge no one’s drowning, baby no

one’s moving no one’s losing their homeland no one’s gonna become a climate change refugee
one’s moving no one’s losing their homeland no one’s gonna become a climate change refugee

or should i say no one else to the carteret islanders of papua new guinea and to the taro
or should i say no one else to the carteret islanders of papua new guinea and to the taro

islanders of the solomon islands i take this moment to apologize to you we are drawing
islanders of the solomon islands i take this moment to apologize to you we are drawing

the line here because baby we are going to fight your mommy daddy bubu jimma your country
the line here because baby we are going to fight your mommy daddy bubu jimma your country

and president too we will all fight and even though there are those hidden behind platinum
and president too we will all fight and even though there are those hidden behind platinum

titles who like to pretend that we don’t exist that the marshall islands tuvalu kiribati
titles who like to pretend that we don’t exist that the marshall islands tuvalu kiribati

maldives and typhoon haiyan in the philippines and floods of pakistan, algeria, colombia
maldives and typhoon haiyan in the philippines and floods of pakistan, algeria, colombia

and all the hurricanes, earthquakes, and tidalwaves didn’t exist still there are those who see
and all the hurricanes, earthquakes, and tidalwaves didn’t exist still there are those who see

us hands reaching out fists raising up banners unfurling megaphones booming and we are canoes
us hands reaching out fists raising up banners unfurling megaphones booming and we are canoes

blocking coal ships we are the radiance of solar villages we are the rich clean soil
blocking coal ships we are the radiance of solar villages we are the rich clean soil

of the farmer’s past we are petitions blooming from teenage fingertips we are families biking,
of the farmer’s past we are petitions blooming from teenage fingertips we are families biking,

recycling, reusing, engineers dreaming, designing, building, artists painting, dancing, writing
recycling, reusing, engineers dreaming, designing, building, artists painting, dancing, writing

and we are spreading the word and there are thousands out on the street marching with
and we are spreading the word and there are thousands out on the street marching with

signs hand in hand chanting for change NOW and they’re marching for you, baby they’re
signs hand in hand chanting for change NOW and they’re marching for you, baby they’re

marching for us because we deserve to do more than just survive we deserve to thrive dear
marching for us because we deserve to do more than just survive we deserve to thrive dear

matafele peinam, you are eyes heavy with drowsy weight so just close those eyes, baby and
matafele peinam, you are eyes heavy with drowsy weight so just close those eyes, baby and

sleep in peace because we won’t let you down. you’ll see.”
sleep in peace because we won’t let you down. you’ll see.”

Standing ovations aren’t common at the United Nations. Kathy’s lasted a full minute.
Standing ovations aren’t common at the United Nations. Kathy’s lasted a full minute.

“Why do you think poetry is an effective means of activism? What is it about poetry
“Why do you think poetry is an effective means of activism? What is it about poetry

that you think makes people listen?” “I'm not going to make…hm, why is…well,
that you think makes people listen?” “I'm not going to make…hm, why is…well,

I think poetry forces people to slow down and connect to the emotion of the issue. Right.
I think poetry forces people to slow down and connect to the emotion of the issue. Right.

Rather than just facts and data and fear. And, you know, written statements, right?
Rather than just facts and data and fear. And, you know, written statements, right?

Poetry is personal. Poetry connects you to the issue and connects you to why you should
Poetry is personal. Poetry connects you to the issue and connects you to why you should

care about the issue.” And then, it was time to go to Paris.
care about the issue.” And then, it was time to go to Paris.

The Paris Conference lasted 14 days, and for the first 11, nearly all discussion centered
The Paris Conference lasted 14 days, and for the first 11, nearly all discussion centered

around 2 degrees. But in the final three days of negotiation, Tony de Brum began to execute
around 2 degrees. But in the final three days of negotiation, Tony de Brum began to execute

his plan, when he unveiled the High Ambition Coalition—a previously secret alliance of
his plan, when he unveiled the High Ambition Coalition—a previously secret alliance of

over 90 countries that Tony had spent the last year coalescing. The High Ambition Coalition
over 90 countries that Tony had spent the last year coalescing. The High Ambition Coalition

ranged from the small atoll of Kiribati to the powerhouse nations of the European Union,
ranged from the small atoll of Kiribati to the powerhouse nations of the European Union,

and together, they turned the entire conference on its head, demanding the agreement include
and together, they turned the entire conference on its head, demanding the agreement include

1.5. It was such a jarring and extraordinary show of power orchestrated by such a small
1.5. It was such a jarring and extraordinary show of power orchestrated by such a small

nation that many said it couldn’t be real. Chinese negotiators called it meaningless;
nation that many said it couldn’t be real. Chinese negotiators called it meaningless;

representatives from Bangladesh called it a stunt. And in truth, it was not completely
representatives from Bangladesh called it a stunt. And in truth, it was not completely

clear just how formal this coalition was—when pressed, Tony couldn’t even say how many
clear just how formal this coalition was—when pressed, Tony couldn’t even say how many

members it had. But it didn’t matter, because the momentum had already changed. New countries
members it had. But it didn’t matter, because the momentum had already changed. New countries

began to join: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Iceland, Sweden. Before long, a majority of the represented
began to join: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Iceland, Sweden. Before long, a majority of the represented

nations supported 1.5. In less than three days, Tony de Brum took 1.5 from pipe dream
nations supported 1.5. In less than three days, Tony de Brum took 1.5 from pipe dream

to reality. In the end, 184 countries resolved that they
to reality. In the end, 184 countries resolved that they

would “[hold] the increase in the global temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius
would “[hold] the increase in the global temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius

above pre-industrial levels, and [pursue] efforts to limit the temperature increase
above pre-industrial levels, and [pursue] efforts to limit the temperature increase

to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.”
to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.”

“They got 1.5 in there. Right. 1.5 huge for us. The global temperature. You know,
“They got 1.5 in there. Right. 1.5 huge for us. The global temperature. You know,

to maintain our, our, our survival. That before we went to that conference, I was told by
to maintain our, our, our survival. That before we went to that conference, I was told by

many people that 1.5 wouldn't make it in there. It would. It was too hard. You know, even
many people that 1.5 wouldn't make it in there. It would. It was too hard. You know, even

though for our survival, we need that temperature to be recognized.” “Yeah, Tony was the
though for our survival, we need that temperature to be recognized.” “Yeah, Tony was the

one that orchestrated that. And so beyond that, you know, we've also we've also continued
one that orchestrated that. And so beyond that, you know, we've also we've also continued

that momentum from Tony's legacy once he passed on.”
that momentum from Tony's legacy once he passed on.”

“Yes, we were kind of a champion for climate change in the Paris meeting. You know, by
“Yes, we were kind of a champion for climate change in the Paris meeting. You know, by

working with a group of people, which were what's called the ambition group. And I know
working with a group of people, which were what's called the ambition group. And I know

it's kind of amazing prize to be able to gather a number of people who supported us doing
it's kind of amazing prize to be able to gather a number of people who supported us doing

meetings and resulted in the Paris Accord.” “You know, next day we were on The New York
meetings and resulted in the Paris Accord.” “You know, next day we were on The New York

Times praising our effort and I'm glad that I was part of that.”
Times praising our effort and I'm glad that I was part of that.”

It was an enormous, unexpected, deserved victory… but it didn’t last.
It was an enormous, unexpected, deserved victory… but it didn’t last.

The Paris Agreement was, without a doubt, the most important collective step the world
The Paris Agreement was, without a doubt, the most important collective step the world

has made towards solving climate change. It was also, in many ways, a complete and utter
has made towards solving climate change. It was also, in many ways, a complete and utter

failure. Many of the pledges made by countries were unspecific, unambitious, and perhaps
failure. Many of the pledges made by countries were unspecific, unambitious, and perhaps

most importantly, unenforceable. In Paris, the world promised to “pursue
most importantly, unenforceable. In Paris, the world promised to “pursue

efforts” to limit temperatures to 1.5. Already, in 2015, it was a weak promise. The five years
efforts” to limit temperatures to 1.5. Already, in 2015, it was a weak promise. The five years

since have proven it meaningless. Paris was supposed to serve as a starting place, with
since have proven it meaningless. Paris was supposed to serve as a starting place, with

more ambitious pledges to be made in the future. Now, it is the future, and the more ambitious
more ambitious pledges to be made in the future. Now, it is the future, and the more ambitious

pledges are nowhere to be found. And even the inadequate commitments of Paris have often
pledges are nowhere to be found. And even the inadequate commitments of Paris have often

been completely ignored. In stories, the underdog is supposed to win.
been completely ignored. In stories, the underdog is supposed to win.

When they give it their all, when they combine dreams and drive, when they form a High Ambition
When they give it their all, when they combine dreams and drive, when they form a High Ambition

Coalition, when they read Dear Matafele Peinem, when they chant 1.5 to stay alive, it’s
Coalition, when they read Dear Matafele Peinem, when they chant 1.5 to stay alive, it’s

supposed to work. Today, projections show that under the best
supposed to work. Today, projections show that under the best

case scenario, we’ll reach 1.5 in 2052. Worst case, 2030. Either way, in a few short
case scenario, we’ll reach 1.5 in 2052. Worst case, 2030. Either way, in a few short

decades, three millennia of Marshallese civilization will come to an end.
decades, three millennia of Marshallese civilization will come to an end.

King Tides Already, today, flooding and inundation are
King Tides Already, today, flooding and inundation are

common in the Marshall Islands. But things get especially bad during what the Marshallese
common in the Marshall Islands. But things get especially bad during what the Marshallese

call king tides. “Since 2011, we've seen more and more
call king tides. “Since 2011, we've seen more and more

king tides. The ocean that provides is getting closer and closer to our living room.”
king tides. The ocean that provides is getting closer and closer to our living room.”

A combination of lunar cycles, wind patterns, and, of course, rising seas coalesce into
A combination of lunar cycles, wind patterns, and, of course, rising seas coalesce into

waves that flood streets, yards, and homes. For the Marshallese, the destruction and disorder
waves that flood streets, yards, and homes. For the Marshallese, the destruction and disorder

king tides bring have become an increasingly normal part of everyday life.
king tides bring have become an increasingly normal part of everyday life.

““We're flat as a pancake here. And and if you go out today at five, five, forty five,
““We're flat as a pancake here. And and if you go out today at five, five, forty five,

the high tide. You know, I know that because yesterday I was driving home a little after
the high tide. You know, I know that because yesterday I was driving home a little after

5:00 in the water was splashing. I drive Volkswagens. The water splashing on a saltwater splashing
5:00 in the water was splashing. I drive Volkswagens. The water splashing on a saltwater splashing

on a Volkswagen is not a good feeling because they they melt with the rust. And so I knew
on a Volkswagen is not a good feeling because they they melt with the rust. And so I knew

today, I don't always know when the high tide is because I worry about that kind of stuff.
today, I don't always know when the high tide is because I worry about that kind of stuff.

But other people worry about it, too, because it's hitting their houses. You never used
But other people worry about it, too, because it's hitting their houses. You never used

to know when high tides were unless you were someone who's out at the sea all the time
to know when high tides were unless you were someone who's out at the sea all the time

and you're a diver or whatever, and you counted on that stuff. But now everybody kind of knows
and you're a diver or whatever, and you counted on that stuff. But now everybody kind of knows

when the big high tides gonna be and they know what they have to do. We never used to
when the big high tides gonna be and they know what they have to do. We never used to

think like that here ever."
think like that here ever."

Other Effects Flooding and inundation don’t just destroy
Other Effects Flooding and inundation don’t just destroy

what’s been created on the atoll—it also destroys the atoll’s ability to create.
what’s been created on the atoll—it also destroys the atoll’s ability to create.

“The water is coming up on the ground too and also contaminating our well waters and
“The water is coming up on the ground too and also contaminating our well waters and

affecting our food crops.” “The breadfruit trees that we used to depend
affecting our food crops.” “The breadfruit trees that we used to depend

on to build our canoes and provide food are dying because the the water levels, and these
on to build our canoes and provide food are dying because the the water levels, and these

island getting small and small. And, you know, they cannot survive the the saltwater, you
island getting small and small. And, you know, they cannot survive the the saltwater, you

know.” And apart from killing what grows on the atoll,
know.” And apart from killing what grows on the atoll,

climate change is killing the atoll itself, as the coral that comprises Majuro dies due
climate change is killing the atoll itself, as the coral that comprises Majuro dies due

to rising sea temperatures. “We go out fishing for spear fishing, and
to rising sea temperatures. “We go out fishing for spear fishing, and

the corals that provide for us is turning from colorful to whitish. It's it's just bleaching
the corals that provide for us is turning from colorful to whitish. It's it's just bleaching

like crazy and different type of algaes are growing, weeds growing, importune beautiful
like crazy and different type of algaes are growing, weeds growing, importune beautiful

corals and scare away or all the food, all the fish that we, our life depend on.”
corals and scare away or all the food, all the fish that we, our life depend on.”

But the most pressing effect of climate change is also perhaps the most unexpected: it’s
But the most pressing effect of climate change is also perhaps the most unexpected: it’s

not inundation, not submergence, not coral bleaching, not erosion. The most pressing
not inundation, not submergence, not coral bleaching, not erosion. The most pressing

effect of climate change, the thing that is hurting Marshallese most right now, is disease.
effect of climate change, the thing that is hurting Marshallese most right now, is disease.

“So currently the most urgent effects are illnesses. So climate related illnesses like
“So currently the most urgent effects are illnesses. So climate related illnesses like

dengue, mosquito borne illnesses are supposed to increase with, you know, climate effects.”
dengue, mosquito borne illnesses are supposed to increase with, you know, climate effects.”

“So we've had we have three different health issues we're dealing with right now on the
“So we've had we have three different health issues we're dealing with right now on the

Marshall Islands. The first, of course, is dengue fever that's been going on for about
Marshall Islands. The first, of course, is dengue fever that's been going on for about

eight months now. We've been in a state of health emergency. The second one is we've
eight months now. We've been in a state of health emergency. The second one is we've

had over twenty five cases, twenty five hundred cases of Dengue since last July. And so that's
had over twenty five cases, twenty five hundred cases of Dengue since last July. And so that's

been our major battle. We're fighting right here now. And then secondly, we've had measles,
been our major battle. We're fighting right here now. And then secondly, we've had measles,

which we haven't had a case yet before. We've put in all kinds of preventative measures.
which we haven't had a case yet before. We've put in all kinds of preventative measures.

And of course, coronavirus in the same category. We're just trying to prevent it. We haven't
And of course, coronavirus in the same category. We're just trying to prevent it. We haven't

had any yet, but we're being very strict with how people come in.”
had any yet, but we're being very strict with how people come in.”

“Actually, the way I feel is that most of what we're seeing right now is climate change
“Actually, the way I feel is that most of what we're seeing right now is climate change

a result of climate change.” With rising temperatures come more mosquitos,
a result of climate change.” With rising temperatures come more mosquitos,

increasing the risk of transmission for insect-borne diseases like Zika and Dengue. More severe
increasing the risk of transmission for insect-borne diseases like Zika and Dengue. More severe

water cycles—flooding, high rainfalls, drought—all propagate contaminated water supplies, increasing
water cycles—flooding, high rainfalls, drought—all propagate contaminated water supplies, increasing

the spread of cholera, e. coli, and other diarrheal diseases. In fact, for almost every
the spread of cholera, e. coli, and other diarrheal diseases. In fact, for almost every

infectious disease out there—malaria, ebola, lyme, west nile, typhoid—research predicts
infectious disease out there—malaria, ebola, lyme, west nile, typhoid—research predicts

that climate change will make it worse. According to the World Health Organization, over the
that climate change will make it worse. According to the World Health Organization, over the

next 20 years, over 2 million people will die as the result of climate change-related
next 20 years, over 2 million people will die as the result of climate change-related

disease. “This is, like, not normal. This is not
disease. “This is, like, not normal. This is not

nothing that we've ever experienced before. We're in the eighth month of a state of health
nothing that we've ever experienced before. We're in the eighth month of a state of health

emergency. The Marshall Islands has never been in a state of health emergency this long.
emergency. The Marshall Islands has never been in a state of health emergency this long.

Ever. We've never seen a bigger disease outbreak. We've never seen all these deaths throughout
Ever. We've never seen a bigger disease outbreak. We've never seen all these deaths throughout

the Pacific in recent times from things like measles that we thought were gone. So I think
the Pacific in recent times from things like measles that we thought were gone. So I think

the really important thing that people have to understand is this is not the way things
the really important thing that people have to understand is this is not the way things

used to be. But this is the way it's becoming now normal. And that to me is as a result
used to be. But this is the way it's becoming now normal. And that to me is as a result

of the massive climate change and the massive warming that's been going on.”
of the massive climate change and the massive warming that's been going on.”

“You have to start talking about health when you and connecting it to climate change,
“You have to start talking about health when you and connecting it to climate change,

cause there's no other explanation for this. There really isn’t.”
cause there's no other explanation for this. There really isn’t.”

When you combine it all—inundation, land loss, crop death, coral bleaching, drought,
When you combine it all—inundation, land loss, crop death, coral bleaching, drought,

disease—a single, clear picture forms: “These are all becoming a potent package
disease—a single, clear picture forms: “These are all becoming a potent package

which are linked to the adverse effects of climate change. And that potency is a bit
which are linked to the adverse effects of climate change. And that potency is a bit

too much or beyond the capability of small atoll nations to respond to. And so all of
too much or beyond the capability of small atoll nations to respond to. And so all of

these packaged potent adverse effects are proving to be catastrophic.”
these packaged potent adverse effects are proving to be catastrophic.”

The future that the Marshall Islands fought so hard to prevent is already coming to pass.
The future that the Marshall Islands fought so hard to prevent is already coming to pass.

The islands are dying, and soon, they’ll be truly, permanently, and irreversibly uninhabitable.
The islands are dying, and soon, they’ll be truly, permanently, and irreversibly uninhabitable.

Two options have emerged: stay and fight a losing battle, or leave and start a new life.
Two options have emerged: stay and fight a losing battle, or leave and start a new life.

In truth, though, those options are the same. The only variable is time.
In truth, though, those options are the same. The only variable is time.

Thousands of miles away, far from the fury of the ocean, a new atoll is emerging—one
Thousands of miles away, far from the fury of the ocean, a new atoll is emerging—one

encircled not by sea, but by streets. A land made not of coral, but of concrete. One where
encircled not by sea, but by streets. A land made not of coral, but of concrete. One where

abundance is measured not by the size of your family, but rather the sum of your money.
abundance is measured not by the size of your family, but rather the sum of your money.

One dotted not by palm trees, but by poultry plants.
One dotted not by palm trees, but by poultry plants.

Hope is not plentiful for the Marshallese, but there’s a spark of it here, nestled
Hope is not plentiful for the Marshallese, but there’s a spark of it here, nestled

in the northwestern corner of Arkansas.
in the northwestern corner of Arkansas.

“Springdale is, I would describe it as more of a blue collar working class community in
“Springdale is, I would describe it as more of a blue collar working class community in

the midst of a thriving area of northwest Arkansas—one of the top five fastest growing
the midst of a thriving area of northwest Arkansas—one of the top five fastest growing

areas in the country.” “We are a very diverse city. We've got 44 languages spoken
areas in the country.” “We are a very diverse city. We've got 44 languages spoken

in our school district. We've got we're probably... our two largest minorities would be Latino,
in our school district. We've got we're probably... our two largest minorities would be Latino,

which is probably somewhere around 35 to 40 percent--could be a little higher, we'll find
which is probably somewhere around 35 to 40 percent--could be a little higher, we'll find

out in the 2020 census--and and a large Marshallese population, we've been told, the largest Marshallese
out in the 2020 census--and and a large Marshallese population, we've been told, the largest Marshallese

population outside of the Marshall Islands.” Exact figures vary. 2010 Census numbers peg
population outside of the Marshall Islands.” Exact figures vary. 2010 Census numbers peg

it in the low thousands, but that figure is almost certainly inaccurate. In reality, currently,
it in the low thousands, but that figure is almost certainly inaccurate. In reality, currently,

it is believed that as many as 15,000 Marshallese live in the Springdale area—1/5 of all Marshallese
it is believed that as many as 15,000 Marshallese live in the Springdale area—1/5 of all Marshallese

people, tucked away in this small Ozark city. Of course, in a country of countless options,
people, tucked away in this small Ozark city. Of course, in a country of countless options,

the question to some might be: why Springdale, Arkansas?
the question to some might be: why Springdale, Arkansas?

The story, as it’s told, begins in 1979. A Marshallese man named John Moody was awarded
The story, as it’s told, begins in 1979. A Marshallese man named John Moody was awarded

a scholarship to the University of Oklahoma—a dream coming from a nation yet to have a single
a scholarship to the University of Oklahoma—a dream coming from a nation yet to have a single

college. Moody soon decided, though, that he wasn’t cut out for the academic life.
college. Moody soon decided, though, that he wasn’t cut out for the academic life.

He shifted paths, taking a job at a poultry plant in Muskogee, Oklahoma, earning $3.25
He shifted paths, taking a job at a poultry plant in Muskogee, Oklahoma, earning $3.25

an hour—multiples more than any comparable job in the Marshalls.
an hour—multiples more than any comparable job in the Marshalls.

Soon, though, the business took him to the largest poultry processor in the world, Tyson
Soon, though, the business took him to the largest poultry processor in the world, Tyson

Foods, headquartered in Springdale, Arkansas. Pay was decent, openings were plentiful, and
Foods, headquartered in Springdale, Arkansas. Pay was decent, openings were plentiful, and

English was optional, so word soon travelled from Moody to his family in the Marshalls
English was optional, so word soon travelled from Moody to his family in the Marshalls

that Springdale was the land of opportunity. So they came and spread the word to others,
that Springdale was the land of opportunity. So they came and spread the word to others,

and they came, and spread the word, and more came, and spread the word, and soon enough,
and they came, and spread the word, and more came, and spread the word, and soon enough,

as the social networks of a small nation saturated with the promise of a better life, Springdale
as the social networks of a small nation saturated with the promise of a better life, Springdale

established itself as the destination for Marshallese emigration to the US.
established itself as the destination for Marshallese emigration to the US.

Now, decades on, what started as one man in a chicken plant has turned into the largest
Now, decades on, what started as one man in a chicken plant has turned into the largest

population of Marshallese outside of the islands themselves. The city has 30 odd Marshallese
population of Marshallese outside of the islands themselves. The city has 30 odd Marshallese

churches, has become a key campaign stop for Marshallese politicians, and it’s even home
churches, has become a key campaign stop for Marshallese politicians, and it’s even home

to a tiny consulate representing the Marshallese government itself. The mission is one of just
to a tiny consulate representing the Marshallese government itself. The mission is one of just

eight the Marshalls have abroad. Sharing a modest two-story building with a barber, accountant,
eight the Marshalls have abroad. Sharing a modest two-story building with a barber, accountant,

and lawyer, it is the only consulate of any nation for hundreds of miles and one of only
and lawyer, it is the only consulate of any nation for hundreds of miles and one of only

two in the state of Arkansas. It’s staffed just by an assistant, the consul’s wife,
two in the state of Arkansas. It’s staffed just by an assistant, the consul’s wife,

and the consul-general himself. “My name is the Eldon Alik. I'm the consul-general
and the consul-general himself. “My name is the Eldon Alik. I'm the consul-general

for the Republic of the Marshall Islands here in Springdale, Arkansas.” “The job of
for the Republic of the Marshall Islands here in Springdale, Arkansas.” “The job of

the consulate is to, number one, provide consular service to the Marshallese citizens here and
the consulate is to, number one, provide consular service to the Marshallese citizens here and

assist the Marshallese population here with whatever they need…” “…and try to
assist the Marshallese population here with whatever they need…” “…and try to

be the eyes and ears of the government of the Marshall Islands here."
be the eyes and ears of the government of the Marshall Islands here."

Call it luck or call it intuition, but Moody and the thousands that followed were right
Call it luck or call it intuition, but Moody and the thousands that followed were right

to choose Springdale as their new homes. This city has been experiencing a decades-long
to choose Springdale as their new homes. This city has been experiencing a decades-long

economic boom. “We have an entrepreneurial spirit here
economic boom. “We have an entrepreneurial spirit here

in in northwest Arkansas, not only Springdale, but we've seen many Fortune 100 companies—Wal-Mart,
in in northwest Arkansas, not only Springdale, but we've seen many Fortune 100 companies—Wal-Mart,

of course, about 30 miles north. We've got Tyson right here in Springdale, which is the
of course, about 30 miles north. We've got Tyson right here in Springdale, which is the

first or second largest protein producer in the world, and they're they're headquartered
first or second largest protein producer in the world, and they're they're headquartered

here in Springdale. We have we have a because of our growth. Certainly the building industry
here in Springdale. We have we have a because of our growth. Certainly the building industry

that we're building trades, there's a lot going on here that, you know, our unemployment
that we're building trades, there's a lot going on here that, you know, our unemployment

right now is just barely over 2 percent in Springdale.”
right now is just barely over 2 percent in Springdale.”

Pretty much anyone who wants one, no matter their age, origin, or education-level, can
Pretty much anyone who wants one, no matter their age, origin, or education-level, can

get a job in Springdale. “Well, Marshallese, we generally like to
get a job in Springdale. “Well, Marshallese, we generally like to

follow one another. We come here to be near our families and the poultry industry doesn't
follow one another. We come here to be near our families and the poultry industry doesn't

really take a lot of skills and education. People just come in and they can work. They're
really take a lot of skills and education. People just come in and they can work. They're

going to arrive today and work tomorrow.” Under the Compact of Free Association, any
going to arrive today and work tomorrow.” Under the Compact of Free Association, any

Marshallese citizen can live and work in the US—a right others, at best, wait years or
Marshallese citizen can live and work in the US—a right others, at best, wait years or

decades to attain. But there are still barriers. Perhaps the most significant is the first—getting
decades to attain. But there are still barriers. Perhaps the most significant is the first—getting

there. A one-way plane ticket from Majuro to Springdale costs about $1,500—a substantial
there. A one-way plane ticket from Majuro to Springdale costs about $1,500—a substantial

sum for anyone, but a fortune in the Marshall Islands. There, $1,500 is half a year’s
sum for anyone, but a fortune in the Marshall Islands. There, $1,500 is half a year’s

wage. In Springdale, though, it's less than a month’s.
wage. In Springdale, though, it's less than a month’s.

“Some families, they come here little by little. Sometimes they just send the father
“Some families, they come here little by little. Sometimes they just send the father

first and then the mother and then the kids and then the parents, grandparents. So they
first and then the mother and then the kids and then the parents, grandparents. So they

just do a little by little.” Each earns enough to pay for the next—over
just do a little by little.” Each earns enough to pay for the next—over

time, bringing the entire family to Springdale. “So we did a study and the majority of the
time, bringing the entire family to Springdale. “So we did a study and the majority of the

people that actually took this study replied that family responsibility was the first reason
people that actually took this study replied that family responsibility was the first reason

why they moved. You know, and usually their departure from the islands are very, very
why they moved. You know, and usually their departure from the islands are very, very

unplanned. That's because, you know, a sister would call in and say, hey, I have some money,
unplanned. That's because, you know, a sister would call in and say, hey, I have some money,

I have some money to buy you a ticket. Get ready. You're going to be on the plane in
I have some money to buy you a ticket. Get ready. You're going to be on the plane in

the next two weeks so you can come and help me with my mom or, you know, with someone
the next two weeks so you can come and help me with my mom or, you know, with someone

so I can find a job and while you take care of the family member, you know, I have a way
so I can find a job and while you take care of the family member, you know, I have a way

to to bring income into the house.” Despite their political, economic, and social
to to bring income into the house.” Despite their political, economic, and social

connections, though, the Marshall Islands and the United States are not the same, and
connections, though, the Marshall Islands and the United States are not the same, and

the adjustment is not always easy. “There is so many cultural barriers that
the adjustment is not always easy. “There is so many cultural barriers that

there are that we see on a daily basis. One is Marshallese culture is a very sharing culture.
there are that we see on a daily basis. One is Marshallese culture is a very sharing culture.

You know, one property is owned by everyone. It is not individual ownership of their property,
You know, one property is owned by everyone. It is not individual ownership of their property,

but, you know, everyone in that clan owns it. So that's, and when you look in terms
but, you know, everyone in that clan owns it. So that's, and when you look in terms

of households it is perfectly okay for for multiple family members to live under one
of households it is perfectly okay for for multiple family members to live under one

roof. Whereas, you know, here, you know, you have those, they enforce code where it's prohibited.”
roof. Whereas, you know, here, you know, you have those, they enforce code where it's prohibited.”

“You know, I don't know what the codes and ordinances in the Marshall Islands look like
“You know, I don't know what the codes and ordinances in the Marshall Islands look like

but I can I can be pretty confident they’re quite a bit different than ours here in Springdale,
but I can I can be pretty confident they’re quite a bit different than ours here in Springdale,

Arkansas.” “We came from we came from a world that
Arkansas.” “We came from we came from a world that

money really didn't mean anything for us, but here it is. People in the United States,
money really didn't mean anything for us, but here it is. People in the United States,

you know, they're very they're economically driven, but we're not.” “We never had
you know, they're very they're economically driven, but we're not.” “We never had

to pay rent. We never had to worry about having a lot of money so we can buy food because,
to pay rent. We never had to worry about having a lot of money so we can buy food because,

you know, you have our biggest refrigerator was the ocean and it was right there and readily
you know, you have our biggest refrigerator was the ocean and it was right there and readily

available. So we really didn't have to worry about saving.” “You're comparing a very
available. So we really didn't have to worry about saving.” “You're comparing a very

small world to a big world.” Nonetheless, in making the difficult transition
small world to a big world.” Nonetheless, in making the difficult transition

to America, having a familiar community makes it easier.
to America, having a familiar community makes it easier.

“You're surrounded by over thirty five churches. That's amazing. And you have a consul-general’s
“You're surrounded by over thirty five churches. That's amazing. And you have a consul-general’s

office here. You have our office as well. You have other nonprofit offices as well.
office here. You have our office as well. You have other nonprofit offices as well.

And the people are very supportive in this area, very supportive of the Marshallese community.
And the people are very supportive in this area, very supportive of the Marshallese community.

It kind of like gives you that value in preserving your culture and I think that's why I refer
It kind of like gives you that value in preserving your culture and I think that's why I refer

Springdale to as Springdale atoll, because this is really the culture. This is the hub
Springdale to as Springdale atoll, because this is really the culture. This is the hub

of the culture.” Popular media might predict that the story
of the culture.” Popular media might predict that the story

of a group of people, from a far off land, descending on and settling a small southern
of a group of people, from a far off land, descending on and settling a small southern

city would end in tension and animosity. That is not the story of Springdale.
city would end in tension and animosity. That is not the story of Springdale.

“You know, I wish I knew what the secret sauce was for that, because I think we could
“You know, I wish I knew what the secret sauce was for that, because I think we could

use that in a lot of places throughout our country--this openness and willingness to
use that in a lot of places throughout our country--this openness and willingness to

accept change--and I don't want to candy coat it. You know, there are other people who grew
accept change--and I don't want to candy coat it. You know, there are other people who grew

up here just like me that continue to talk about the good old days and the days, you
up here just like me that continue to talk about the good old days and the days, you

know, when we grew up and things were different. But, you know, I'm just reminded that we're
know, when we grew up and things were different. But, you know, I'm just reminded that we're

somebody's good old days right now. The people growing up here right now look back will look
somebody's good old days right now. The people growing up here right now look back will look

back on this time as the good old days, no matter what it looks like. And so I think
back on this time as the good old days, no matter what it looks like. And so I think

I think a willingness on the part of the people of Springdale to to treat people as human
I think a willingness on the part of the people of Springdale to to treat people as human

beings, surely, surely there's nothing special about Springdale. Surely everyone every place
beings, surely, surely there's nothing special about Springdale. Surely everyone every place

can do that.” Springdale, as it exists for the Marshallese,
can do that.” Springdale, as it exists for the Marshallese,

is fortuitous—fortuitous because John Moody and the early migrants who followed had no
is fortuitous—fortuitous because John Moody and the early migrants who followed had no

idea of their islands’ bleak fate. They migrated for a brighter economic future, but
idea of their islands’ bleak fate. They migrated for a brighter economic future, but

now, with the direct threat of a rising ocean, Marshallese are starting to migrate to escape
now, with the direct threat of a rising ocean, Marshallese are starting to migrate to escape

the water. “I think some some people have moved because
the water. “I think some some people have moved because

of sea level rise, and that wasn't the case, maybe, five, ten years ago. People were coming
of sea level rise, and that wasn't the case, maybe, five, ten years ago. People were coming

here for better opportunities but I've talked to some people and they've come here for sea-level
here for better opportunities but I've talked to some people and they've come here for sea-level

rise.” “Plan A is staying and live there and fight
rise.” “Plan A is staying and live there and fight

the climate change. But if plan A doesn't work, you know, this is where I feel the calling.
the climate change. But if plan A doesn't work, you know, this is where I feel the calling.

This is where I need to be at, but it really if that happens, that’s wow, that that's
This is where I need to be at, but it really if that happens, that’s wow, that that's

taking away our identity. You know, that's that's basically stripping us down to the
taking away our identity. You know, that's that's basically stripping us down to the

bare skin, and I'm not sure how I'm going to take that. That will be very hard for me
bare skin, and I'm not sure how I'm going to take that. That will be very hard for me

to to process. However, I feel that I can't just cry and feel sad because that happened.
to to process. However, I feel that I can't just cry and feel sad because that happened.

I have to do something. I have to make reestablished. I feel like reestablishing somewhere else
I have to do something. I have to make reestablished. I feel like reestablishing somewhere else

that is safe, that, you know, that provide to the freedom, the freedom to make a choice
that is safe, that, you know, that provide to the freedom, the freedom to make a choice

is probably my next thing that I will focus on.”
is probably my next thing that I will focus on.”

Plan A is still very much in motion for many. Most Marshallese are still at their home,
Plan A is still very much in motion for many. Most Marshallese are still at their home,

fighting to hold onto their lives as long as the waters will allow them. Those who can
fighting to hold onto their lives as long as the waters will allow them. Those who can

buy a few additional years by building a wall between them and the ocean.
buy a few additional years by building a wall between them and the ocean.

“Well we call this a concrete wall. So, first we build the concrete base about five
“Well we call this a concrete wall. So, first we build the concrete base about five

to six feet wide and two feet from the ground. So it goes down, to the bottom, one foot,
to six feet wide and two feet from the ground. So it goes down, to the bottom, one foot,

and then one foot up. So the base is five to six feet wide and the wall, here, is one
and then one foot up. So the base is five to six feet wide and the wall, here, is one

foot wide, and this wall here, maybe nine or ten feet long from the ground.”
foot wide, and this wall here, maybe nine or ten feet long from the ground.”

“Well, when the high tide king tides comes, it destroys the whole village. The water coming
“Well, when the high tide king tides comes, it destroys the whole village. The water coming

to the, comes to the road, and after I build wall there, people there, they're living happy.
to the, comes to the road, and after I build wall there, people there, they're living happy.

I see that the seawall has been protecting them but there's other people, the same village,
I see that the seawall has been protecting them but there's other people, the same village,

there are other people live on the other side. You know, about two to house from the outside
there are other people live on the other side. You know, about two to house from the outside

of the seawall. Now they're affecting because there's no wall there.”
of the seawall. Now they're affecting because there's no wall there.”

“If the wall wasn’t here, if there was no wall here, I know that all the water, the
“If the wall wasn’t here, if there was no wall here, I know that all the water, the

trash, the rocks, they would be coming right here and going, one, two, how many houses
trash, the rocks, they would be coming right here and going, one, two, how many houses

there? Yeah, and it’s been happening over and over. Every king tide that comes it, it’s
there? Yeah, and it’s been happening over and over. Every king tide that comes it, it’s

always like that. They’re bringing rocks and trash.”
always like that. They’re bringing rocks and trash.”

“Oh, no. Don’t—trust me. Believe me. Even though we're making wall, it's not gonna
“Oh, no. Don’t—trust me. Believe me. Even though we're making wall, it's not gonna

protect because we're, we're damaging the reef and as long as you drill the reef and
protect because we're, we're damaging the reef and as long as you drill the reef and

building concrete wall, you're messing with Mother Nature, you know.”
building concrete wall, you're messing with Mother Nature, you know.”

At this point, the goal is not to prevent the destruction of the Marshalls—just to
At this point, the goal is not to prevent the destruction of the Marshalls—just to

delay it. “If the time limit is in five years, then,
delay it. “If the time limit is in five years, then,

you know, it's we move in five years. But between now and five years, we want to make
you know, it's we move in five years. But between now and five years, we want to make

sure that we spend every minute thinking about how to survive on these islands, just like
sure that we spend every minute thinking about how to survive on these islands, just like

our ancestors did.”
our ancestors did.”

Land is supposed to be the embodiment of permanence—a nation is nothing without its land—but now,
Land is supposed to be the embodiment of permanence—a nation is nothing without its land—but now,

the Marshall Islands is temporary. In the back of everyone’s mind is the realization
the Marshall Islands is temporary. In the back of everyone’s mind is the realization

that the soil they stand on will eventually be submerged.
that the soil they stand on will eventually be submerged.

“You know, with our infrastructure projects. You know, what are we doing? Why are we doing
“You know, with our infrastructure projects. You know, what are we doing? Why are we doing

this? You know, 20, 30, 40 years could be swamped under water. I don't know. It's like,
this? You know, 20, 30, 40 years could be swamped under water. I don't know. It's like,

you know, part of the work you do is try to prepare for the, you know, the future of submerging.
you know, part of the work you do is try to prepare for the, you know, the future of submerging.

And then part of it is you just carry on with your day to day activities, which means you
And then part of it is you just carry on with your day to day activities, which means you

know, look. These projects are still funded. They're on the books. They're approved. We
know, look. These projects are still funded. They're on the books. They're approved. We

still got do them now. When is that going to change? I don't know. I don't know. It's
still got do them now. When is that going to change? I don't know. I don't know. It's

going to take some kind of visible tipping point somewhere. And I think for that to happen,
going to take some kind of visible tipping point somewhere. And I think for that to happen,

I mean, really mean significant, not just the high king tide. You know, we've had those
I mean, really mean significant, not just the high king tide. You know, we've had those

or another El Nino again. We've had those things going to take something else maybe.
or another El Nino again. We've had those things going to take something else maybe.

Unfortunately, may be worse for us, too. I don't know. Then get to the realization, well,
Unfortunately, may be worse for us, too. I don't know. Then get to the realization, well,

this is it. Gotta stop this avenue of activity and divert the energies into some other kind
this is it. Gotta stop this avenue of activity and divert the energies into some other kind

of future.” “Well, when you think when people say to
of future.” “Well, when you think when people say to

me that they think the Marshall Islands has a time limit, I think they have to start thinking
me that they think the Marshall Islands has a time limit, I think they have to start thinking

about the bigger picture here. We're the canary in the coal mine. If we have a limited time
about the bigger picture here. We're the canary in the coal mine. If we have a limited time

here, then so does everywhere else. I mean, this is the way this is the way it's evolving
here, then so does everywhere else. I mean, this is the way this is the way it's evolving

and so many times we've been the canary out there. We were the canary in the coal mine
and so many times we've been the canary out there. We were the canary in the coal mine

for nuclear testing. Now we're the canary in the coal mine for climate change.”
for nuclear testing. Now we're the canary in the coal mine for climate change.”

“The ocean that gives us the resources crawling closer and closer to our living rooms. We're
“The ocean that gives us the resources crawling closer and closer to our living rooms. We're

ocean people and the reason why this our ocean is mad and it is crawling closer to our lagoon
ocean people and the reason why this our ocean is mad and it is crawling closer to our lagoon

living room is because the same people that brought in the nuclear testing to the country
living room is because the same people that brought in the nuclear testing to the country

are the same people that are doing this. They're trying to find resource. First they try to
are the same people that are doing this. They're trying to find resource. First they try to

find the power to control the world by using our islands to test a nuclear weapon. Then
find the power to control the world by using our islands to test a nuclear weapon. Then

they went back and tried to find the best way to gain resources in a short period of
they went back and tried to find the best way to gain resources in a short period of

time by using things that would destroy the world and we're all… Mother Nature is not
time by using things that would destroy the world and we're all… Mother Nature is not

happy, so she's coming back to us. But in a very roaring way.”
happy, so she's coming back to us. But in a very roaring way.”

“We as Marshallese people enter the conversation of climate change, as survivors of the nuclear
“We as Marshallese people enter the conversation of climate change, as survivors of the nuclear

legacy, as in we already understand what it means to have lost homes, to have lost that
legacy, as in we already understand what it means to have lost homes, to have lost that

connection to land to have something ripped away, ripped away from us for globe because
connection to land to have something ripped away, ripped away from us for globe because

of global needs. And, you know, because of a global concern or whatever. Right. The US
of global needs. And, you know, because of a global concern or whatever. Right. The US

decided to test nuclear weapons in the Marshall Islands because we were seen as disposable.
decided to test nuclear weapons in the Marshall Islands because we were seen as disposable.

And now with climate change happening, more or less, unless, people care about it. You
And now with climate change happening, more or less, unless, people care about it. You

know, there are very few people who care about it. And the ones in power don't care about
know, there are very few people who care about it. And the ones in power don't care about

it because, again, we're seen as disposable. That's the intersection between climate change
it because, again, we're seen as disposable. That's the intersection between climate change

and the nuclear legacy. You know, we've experienced that already. And that's why we're fighting
and the nuclear legacy. You know, we've experienced that already. And that's why we're fighting

even harder against climate change. We don't want to lose the rest of our islands. We've
even harder against climate change. We don't want to lose the rest of our islands. We've

already experienced that loss and that trauma.”
already experienced that loss and that trauma.”

“We are going to be the first climate change refugees. I truly believe that.”
“We are going to be the first climate change refugees. I truly believe that.”

“That's happening and people are in denial of it because they're responsible for it.”
“That's happening and people are in denial of it because they're responsible for it.”

“This is my country. This is where I live. This is where my kids go to school. I'm from
“This is my country. This is where I live. This is where my kids go to school. I'm from

[unknown], but I'm from here, too. My family grew up here, too.”
[unknown], but I'm from here, too. My family grew up here, too.”

“This is where I. I want them to all be. And this is the society I want them to contribute
“This is where I. I want them to all be. And this is the society I want them to contribute

to. I think it's you know, it's a tough concept to think about. It's like thinking if you
to. I think it's you know, it's a tough concept to think about. It's like thinking if you

have children thinking about them being in a car accident or getting a terminal illness,
have children thinking about them being in a car accident or getting a terminal illness,

you don't want to think about it because it's so painful and it's the same way.”
you don't want to think about it because it's so painful and it's the same way.”

“I don't know the culture [in America]. I don't know the way of life. I want to I
“I don't know the culture [in America]. I don't know the way of life. I want to I

want to stay here in my own culture and live in my own culture.”
want to stay here in my own culture and live in my own culture.”

“You know, we love our culture, we love our custom, and we love the way of life that
“You know, we love our culture, we love our custom, and we love the way of life that

we have here. If we do leave and go somewhere else, we'll probably lose our custom, we will
we have here. If we do leave and go somewhere else, we'll probably lose our custom, we will

probably lose our ability to look after ourselves as a people.”
probably lose our ability to look after ourselves as a people.”

“Right now, it's still a debate in many of these first world nations. What do we do?
“Right now, it's still a debate in many of these first world nations. What do we do?

Can we do it? What are the changes we can make? Do we believe in it? Is it even real?
Can we do it? What are the changes we can make? Do we believe in it? Is it even real?

Is it worth the funding? Can we change? That's not where we're at. Where we're at is very
Is it worth the funding? Can we change? That's not where we're at. Where we're at is very

much: it’s going to happen. We have to figure out how to plan for it.”
much: it’s going to happen. We have to figure out how to plan for it.”

“We probably will be looking back on our country from higher ground.”
“We probably will be looking back on our country from higher ground.”

“This is going to be wow, this is going to be something that I just can't describe
“This is going to be wow, this is going to be something that I just can't describe

in terms of, you know, culturally as a people, civilization, what this is going to mean for
in terms of, you know, culturally as a people, civilization, what this is going to mean for

the kids and grandkids.”
the kids and grandkids.”

“Well, to be honest, I'm worried about my generation and the next generation and the
“Well, to be honest, I'm worried about my generation and the next generation and the

future. Because, you know, when when we migrate, the main the main thing I'm scared of i our
future. Because, you know, when when we migrate, the main the main thing I'm scared of i our

culture. If everyone leaves here, where will our culture go? And our culture will slowly
culture. If everyone leaves here, where will our culture go? And our culture will slowly

fade when no one knows about our culture or people. And especially Marshall Islands.”
fade when no one knows about our culture or people. And especially Marshall Islands.”

“Yeah, it hits me every time. But like I I really try to ignore it, but it I can't
“Yeah, it hits me every time. But like I I really try to ignore it, but it I can't

because it's always trending and so is getting talked about. And we really can't put it aside
because it's always trending and so is getting talked about. And we really can't put it aside

because we're really affected now. And if we can do anything now, the future will be
because we're really affected now. And if we can do anything now, the future will be

affected. If we don't do anything now.” “Personally, I mean, I really don't want
affected. If we don't do anything now.” “Personally, I mean, I really don't want

to go to other countries. I really want to stay here and live the best life in the islands
to go to other countries. I really want to stay here and live the best life in the islands

and really share of life full of joy and right here, right here in the Marshall Islands.”
and really share of life full of joy and right here, right here in the Marshall Islands.”

“This this island really means a lot and just imagine if different countries, if we
“This this island really means a lot and just imagine if different countries, if we

told them that their country doesn't matter and they can just move here and they would
told them that their country doesn't matter and they can just move here and they would

feel the same with it. It feels special for us to have this place because it's unique
feel the same with it. It feels special for us to have this place because it's unique

and our culture really lies here.”
and our culture really lies here.”

People can move. A nation cannot. And though they’ll try, any transposition loses fidelity.
People can move. A nation cannot. And though they’ll try, any transposition loses fidelity.

With each generation, the pictures fuzzy—the memories fade. The Marshall Islands has endured
With each generation, the pictures fuzzy—the memories fade. The Marshall Islands has endured

for millennia, but it was never immortal. Nations have ended before. Nations will end
for millennia, but it was never immortal. Nations have ended before. Nations will end

again. Of all the ends the Marshall Islands could meet, though, this one stings most:
again. Of all the ends the Marshall Islands could meet, though, this one stings most:

to be killed by the ocean, its creator, turned against it by people who don’t even know
to be killed by the ocean, its creator, turned against it by people who don’t even know

its name.
its name.