Ludo , is a board game for two to four players, in which the players race their four tokens
Ludo , is a board game for two to four players, in which the players race their four tokens

from start to finish according to die rolls.
from start to finish according to die rolls.

Like other cross and circle games, Ludo is derived from the Indian game Pachisi, but
Like other cross and circle games, Ludo is derived from the Indian game Pachisi, but

simpler.
simpler.

The game and its variants are popular in many countries and under various names.
The game and its variants are popular in many countries and under various names.

History Pachisi originated in India by the 6th century.
History Pachisi originated in India by the 6th century.

The earliest evidence of this game in India is the depiction of boards on the caves of
The earliest evidence of this game in India is the depiction of boards on the caves of

Ajanta.
Ajanta.

This game was played by the Mughal emperors of India; a notable example being that of
This game was played by the Mughal emperors of India; a notable example being that of

Akbar.
Akbar.

Variations of the game made it to England during the late 19th century.
Variations of the game made it to England during the late 19th century.

One which appeared around 1896 under the name of Ludo was then successfully patented.
One which appeared around 1896 under the name of Ludo was then successfully patented.

Nomenclature In North America, the game is sold under the
Nomenclature In North America, the game is sold under the

brand name Parcheesi.
brand name Parcheesi.

Variations of the game are sold under the brand names Sorry!, Aggravation, and Trouble.
Variations of the game are sold under the brand names Sorry!, Aggravation, and Trouble.

In Germany, this game is called "Mensch ärgere dich nicht" which means "Man, don't get irritated",
In Germany, this game is called "Mensch ärgere dich nicht" which means "Man, don't get irritated",

and has equivalent names in Dutch, Croatian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Russian, Slovak, Slovene,
and has equivalent names in Dutch, Croatian, Serbian, Bulgarian, Russian, Slovak, Slovene,

and Polish, where it is more commonly referred to as Chińczyke").
and Polish, where it is more commonly referred to as Chińczyke").

In Greece, this game is called "Γκρινιάρης" [Griniaris] referring to typical player behaviour.
In Greece, this game is called "Γκρινιάρης" [Griniaris] referring to typical player behaviour.

In Bulgaria, this game is known as "Не се сърди човече" [Ne se sardi choveche].
In Bulgaria, this game is known as "Не се сърди човече" [Ne se sardi choveche].

In Czech, it's called "Člověče, nezlob se".
In Czech, it's called "Člověče, nezlob se".

In Vietnam, it is called "Cờ cá ngựa".
In Vietnam, it is called "Cờ cá ngựa".

In Sweden it is known as "Fia", a name derived from the Latin word fiat which means "so be
In Sweden it is known as "Fia", a name derived from the Latin word fiat which means "so be

it!"
it!"

Common variations on the name are "Fia-spel" and "Fia med knuff".
Common variations on the name are "Fia-spel" and "Fia med knuff".

In Denmark and Norway though, the game is known as Ludo.
In Denmark and Norway though, the game is known as Ludo.

Ludo board
Ludo board

Special areas of the Ludo board are typically coloured bright yellow, green, red, and blue.
Special areas of the Ludo board are typically coloured bright yellow, green, red, and blue.

Each player is assigned a colour and has four tokens of matching colour.
Each player is assigned a colour and has four tokens of matching colour.

The board is normally square with a cross-shaped game track, with each arm of the cross consisting
The board is normally square with a cross-shaped game track, with each arm of the cross consisting

of three columns of squares—usually six squares per column.
of three columns of squares—usually six squares per column.

The middle columns usually have five squares coloured, and these represent a player's home
The middle columns usually have five squares coloured, and these represent a player's home

column.
column.

A sixth coloured square not on the home column is a player's starting square.
A sixth coloured square not on the home column is a player's starting square.

At the centre of the board is a large finishing square often composed of triangles in the
At the centre of the board is a large finishing square often composed of triangles in the

four colours atop the players' home columns – thus forming "arrows" pointing to the finish.
four colours atop the players' home columns – thus forming "arrows" pointing to the finish.

Rules Overview
Rules Overview

Two, three, or four may play.
Two, three, or four may play.

At the beginning of the game, each player's tokens are out of play and staged in one of
At the beginning of the game, each player's tokens are out of play and staged in one of

the large corner areas of the board in the player's color.
the large corner areas of the board in the player's color.

When able to, the players will enter their tokens one per time on their respective starting
When able to, the players will enter their tokens one per time on their respective starting

squares, and proceed to race them clockwise around the board along the game track.
squares, and proceed to race them clockwise around the board along the game track.

When reaching the square below the home column, a player continues by racing tokens up the
When reaching the square below the home column, a player continues by racing tokens up the

column to the finish square.
column to the finish square.

The rolls of a cube die control the swiftness of the tokens, and entry to the finish square
The rolls of a cube die control the swiftness of the tokens, and entry to the finish square

requires a precise roll from the player.
requires a precise roll from the player.

The first to bring all their tokens to the finish wins the game.
The first to bring all their tokens to the finish wins the game.

The others often continue play to determine second-, third-, and fourth-place finishers.
The others often continue play to determine second-, third-, and fourth-place finishers.

Rolls of the die Each player rolls the die, the highest roller
Rolls of the die Each player rolls the die, the highest roller

begins the game.
begins the game.

The players alternate turns in a clockwise direction.
The players alternate turns in a clockwise direction.

To enter a token into active play from his staging area to his starting square, a player
To enter a token into active play from his staging area to his starting square, a player

must roll a 6.
must roll a 6.

If the player has no tokens yet in play and does not roll a 6, the turn passes to the
If the player has no tokens yet in play and does not roll a 6, the turn passes to the

next player.
next player.

Once a player has one or more tokens in play, he selects a token and moves it forward along
Once a player has one or more tokens in play, he selects a token and moves it forward along

the track the number of squares indicated by the die roll.
the track the number of squares indicated by the die roll.

If a player rolls a 6 he may choose to advance a token already in play, or alternatively,
If a player rolls a 6 he may choose to advance a token already in play, or alternatively,

he may enter another of his tokens into active play.
he may enter another of his tokens into active play.

The rolling of a 6 earns the player an additional roll in that turn.
The rolling of a 6 earns the player an additional roll in that turn.

If the additional roll results in a 6 again, the player earns an additional bonus roll.
If the additional roll results in a 6 again, the player earns an additional bonus roll.

If the third roll is also a 6, the player may not move a token and the turn immediately
If the third roll is also a 6, the player may not move a token and the turn immediately

passes to the next player.
passes to the next player.

Players must always move a token according to the die value rolled, and if no move is
Players must always move a token according to the die value rolled, and if no move is

possible, pass their turn to the next.
possible, pass their turn to the next.

A player may not end his move on a square he already occupies.
A player may not end his move on a square he already occupies.

If the advance of a token finishes on a square occupied by an opponent's token, the opponent
If the advance of a token finishes on a square occupied by an opponent's token, the opponent

token is returned to its owner's yard.
token is returned to its owner's yard.

The returned token may only be reentered into play when the owner again rolls a 6.
The returned token may only be reentered into play when the owner again rolls a 6.

Variations
Variations

To get a game started faster, some house rules allow a player with no pieces on the board
To get a game started faster, some house rules allow a player with no pieces on the board

to bring their first piece into play on any roll, on a 1 or a 6, or allow multiple tries
to bring their first piece into play on any roll, on a 1 or a 6, or allow multiple tries

to roll a 6.
to roll a 6.

If a piece lands on the same space as the another piece of the same colour, the moved
If a piece lands on the same space as the another piece of the same colour, the moved

piece must take the preceding space.
piece must take the preceding space.

If a player's piece lands on another of their own pieces, they are doubled and form a "block"
If a player's piece lands on another of their own pieces, they are doubled and form a "block"

which cannot be passed by any opponent's pieces.
which cannot be passed by any opponent's pieces.

Or in some variations may only be passed by rolling a 6 or 1.
Or in some variations may only be passed by rolling a 6 or 1.

Doubled pieces may move half the number if an even number is thrown.
Doubled pieces may move half the number if an even number is thrown.

A doubled piece may capture another doubled piece.
A doubled piece may capture another doubled piece.

A board may have only four spaces in each "home column".
A board may have only four spaces in each "home column".

All four of a player's pieces must finish in these spaces for the player to have finished
All four of a player's pieces must finish in these spaces for the player to have finished

the game.
the game.

To speed the game up, extra turns or bonus moves can be awarded capturing a piece or
To speed the game up, extra turns or bonus moves can be awarded capturing a piece or

getting a piece home; these may grant passage past a block.
getting a piece home; these may grant passage past a block.

In Denmark and some other countries the board has eight spaces marked with a globe and eight
In Denmark and some other countries the board has eight spaces marked with a globe and eight

with a star.
with a star.

The globes are safe spaces where a piece cannot be captured.
The globes are safe spaces where a piece cannot be captured.

The exception is that a player who has not yet entered all pieces, can always enter a
The exception is that a player who has not yet entered all pieces, can always enter a

piece on a roll of 6.
piece on a roll of 6.

If the entry space is occupied by another player's piece, that piece is captured.
If the entry space is occupied by another player's piece, that piece is captured.

Otherwise the entry spaces work like the other globe spaces.
Otherwise the entry spaces work like the other globe spaces.

A piece which would have landed on a star instead moves to the next star.
A piece which would have landed on a star instead moves to the next star.

In some parts of Africa the following rules are reportedly played:
In some parts of Africa the following rules are reportedly played:

A doubled block also blocks trailing pieces of the player who created the block, or blocks
A doubled block also blocks trailing pieces of the player who created the block, or blocks

them unless they roll the exact number to land on the block; additionally, the doubled
them unless they roll the exact number to land on the block; additionally, the doubled

block cannot move forward until the block that landed upon it moves off again.
block cannot move forward until the block that landed upon it moves off again.

This reduces the tactical advantage of a block and makes the game more interesting.
This reduces the tactical advantage of a block and makes the game more interesting.

If the two players sitting opposite are partners, the players can exchange numbers.
If the two players sitting opposite are partners, the players can exchange numbers.

There are four safety squares on the board, like castle squares in Pachisi, as well as
There are four safety squares on the board, like castle squares in Pachisi, as well as

the safe home squares, where a piece may able to move forwards or backwards and start their
the safe home squares, where a piece may able to move forwards or backwards and start their

turn before previous player finishes.
turn before previous player finishes.

A piece landing on a square with an opponent's piece not only sends the opponent piece back
A piece landing on a square with an opponent's piece not only sends the opponent piece back

to the starting area but also sends the landing piece to its home square.
to the starting area but also sends the landing piece to its home square.

A player cannot move their first piece into the "home column" unless they have captured
A player cannot move their first piece into the "home column" unless they have captured

at least one piece of any of the opponents.
at least one piece of any of the opponents.

In popular culture In 1967 Ivor Cutler recorded an album titled
In popular culture In 1967 Ivor Cutler recorded an album titled

Ludo with Beatles producer George Martin.
Ludo with Beatles producer George Martin.

In the "Requiem" episode of The Avengers, John Steed claims that his cousin Demon Desmond
In the "Requiem" episode of The Avengers, John Steed claims that his cousin Demon Desmond

is the world Ludo champion.
is the world Ludo champion.

In the music video for the song "The Name of the Game" by the Swedish pop group ABBA,
In the music video for the song "The Name of the Game" by the Swedish pop group ABBA,

the four members of the group are shown playing Fia-spel.
the four members of the group are shown playing Fia-spel.

In the 1951 novel The Hive by Camilo José Cela, the character Ventura asks to borrow
In the 1951 novel The Hive by Camilo José Cela, the character Ventura asks to borrow

the Ludo from Doña Celia, the proprietress of a house of assignations.
the Ludo from Doña Celia, the proprietress of a house of assignations.

See also Cross and circle games
See also Cross and circle games

References
References

Bibliography
Bibliography

External links Pachisi The Online Guide to Traditional Games
External links Pachisi The Online Guide to Traditional Games