I love dogs, I’ve always loved dogs.
I love dogs, I’ve always loved dogs.

But there’s always the debate... purebred or mutt?
But there’s always the debate... purebred or mutt?

It’s a great year to be a dog lover!
It’s a great year to be a dog lover!

Apparently 7 new dog breeds will be shown at the Westminster dog show!
Apparently 7 new dog breeds will be shown at the Westminster dog show!

I don’t know about you, but dog shows…
I don’t know about you, but dog shows…

give me mixed feels.
give me mixed feels.

On a personal level, PUUPPIES, but the science part of me wants to know, why are there so
On a personal level, PUUPPIES, but the science part of me wants to know, why are there so

many different dog breeds and is that good for the species?
many different dog breeds and is that good for the species?

I mean domesticated dogs might have been around for 40,000 years and all pretty much looked
I mean domesticated dogs might have been around for 40,000 years and all pretty much looked

like wolves.
like wolves.

But the few hundred dog breeds we know and love today, have only been around for a couple
But the few hundred dog breeds we know and love today, have only been around for a couple

of hundred years at the most.
of hundred years at the most.

Humans tinkered with dogs, selecting for temperament or physical traits.
Humans tinkered with dogs, selecting for temperament or physical traits.

Things like distinguishing markings, the color of a coat and other physical features like
Things like distinguishing markings, the color of a coat and other physical features like

head and body shape.
head and body shape.

A new dog breed has to meet very specific requirements to qualify as an official breed.
A new dog breed has to meet very specific requirements to qualify as an official breed.

Many organizations like the American Kennel Club demand proof that every dog used to make
Many organizations like the American Kennel Club demand proof that every dog used to make

the new breed was a certified purebred.
the new breed was a certified purebred.

And in many cases, breeders need to get their dogs DNA and genotype tested to show a “an
And in many cases, breeders need to get their dogs DNA and genotype tested to show a “an

acceptable DNA variation sample for the breed”.
acceptable DNA variation sample for the breed”.

Since 2003, researchers have been able to see exactly what that genetic pool looks like
Since 2003, researchers have been able to see exactly what that genetic pool looks like

thanks to an effort lead by Ewen Kirkness at The Institute for Genome Research which
thanks to an effort lead by Ewen Kirkness at The Institute for Genome Research which

sequenced the dog genome.
sequenced the dog genome.

They also studied the genomes of different breeds.
They also studied the genomes of different breeds.

And not surprisingly they found that the variation of genes was greater between dogs of different
And not surprisingly they found that the variation of genes was greater between dogs of different

breeds than they were within the same breed.
breeds than they were within the same breed.

So, a black lab and a golden lab will have less variation than a black lab and a bulldog.
So, a black lab and a golden lab will have less variation than a black lab and a bulldog.

But what’s interesting is that variation can be as much as 27.5 percent between dogs
But what’s interesting is that variation can be as much as 27.5 percent between dogs

of different breeds, even though essentially, they are the same species.
of different breeds, even though essentially, they are the same species.

Now compare that to humans who only have a genetic variation of 5.4 percent.
Now compare that to humans who only have a genetic variation of 5.4 percent.

When humans mess with dog’s shape and coloring, they are actually messing with their genes.
When humans mess with dog’s shape and coloring, they are actually messing with their genes.

Like size is pretty much controlled by one gene on chromosome 15 called insulin-like
Like size is pretty much controlled by one gene on chromosome 15 called insulin-like

growth factor-1.
growth factor-1.

(IGF1), which is known to influence body size in humans and mice.
(IGF1), which is known to influence body size in humans and mice.

But it’s mutation can be found in a lot of unrelated smaller breeds, suggesting it’s
But it’s mutation can be found in a lot of unrelated smaller breeds, suggesting it’s

ancient.
ancient.

Even though it’s a few thousand years old, it’s a change that still happened faster
Even though it’s a few thousand years old, it’s a change that still happened faster

than it would happen naturally.
than it would happen naturally.

So all the tinkering humans do to dog breeds, dramatically changes dog’s genes faster
So all the tinkering humans do to dog breeds, dramatically changes dog’s genes faster

than nature would.
than nature would.

With all that genetic tinkering, some weird stuff happened.
With all that genetic tinkering, some weird stuff happened.

Not surprisingly, breeding for aesthetic purposes has some.. unintended consequences.
Not surprisingly, breeding for aesthetic purposes has some.. unintended consequences.

Like pug encephalitis and hip problems in German shepherds.
Like pug encephalitis and hip problems in German shepherds.

And one study in PLOS One found that changing a dog’s face, changes their brains too.
And one study in PLOS One found that changing a dog’s face, changes their brains too.

In dogs with short snouts, their brains have rotated 15 degrees backwards and the smell
In dogs with short snouts, their brains have rotated 15 degrees backwards and the smell

region in their brain is in a completely different place from other breeds.
region in their brain is in a completely different place from other breeds.

And these kinds of brain changes are common in other dogs too.
And these kinds of brain changes are common in other dogs too.

Another study also published in PLOS One found that Chiari malformation in dogs actually
Another study also published in PLOS One found that Chiari malformation in dogs actually

changes their skull and brain formation.
changes their skull and brain formation.

It’s a physical defect that occurs in a lot of small dogs that are bred to look more
It’s a physical defect that occurs in a lot of small dogs that are bred to look more

“doll like”.
“doll like”.

It basically makes the forehead bigger but also changes the brain shape.
It basically makes the forehead bigger but also changes the brain shape.

It can cause chronic conditions like headaches, problems with walking or even paralysis.
It can cause chronic conditions like headaches, problems with walking or even paralysis.

One of the lead authors of the study Clare Rusbridge, described the condition “as trying
One of the lead authors of the study Clare Rusbridge, described the condition “as trying

to fit a big foot into a small shoe.”
to fit a big foot into a small shoe.”

Which just sounds utterly painful.
Which just sounds utterly painful.

The physical defects caused by inbreeding is a huge problem and it’s one of the reasons
The physical defects caused by inbreeding is a huge problem and it’s one of the reasons

why some breeders are calling for stricter regulations and practices.
why some breeders are calling for stricter regulations and practices.

Thankfully there are responsible breeders who are using genetic science to ensure they
Thankfully there are responsible breeders who are using genetic science to ensure they

are breeding to maintain genetic diversity, resulting in new breeds that are both healthy
are breeding to maintain genetic diversity, resulting in new breeds that are both healthy

and happy.
and happy.

While we’ve bred dogs to be stronger, smaller, or even more docile, they all come from a
While we’ve bred dogs to be stronger, smaller, or even more docile, they all come from a

wolf like ancestor thousands of years ago.
wolf like ancestor thousands of years ago.

At some point, dogs evolved to become man’s best friend?
At some point, dogs evolved to become man’s best friend?

When did this take place?
When did this take place?

So what’s your fav dog breed?
So what’s your fav dog breed?

Mine’s a mutt.
Mine’s a mutt.