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This is actually a really exciting time
This is actually a really exciting time
in the history of hydrogen and fuel cell
in the history of hydrogen and fuel cell
technologies, which are actually not
technologies, which are actually not
as well known as some of the other
as well known as some of the other
technologies like solar and wind and
technologies like solar and wind and
batteries. And in fact when I moved to
batteries. And in fact when I moved to
DOE almost roughly 13 years ago, I moved
DOE almost roughly 13 years ago, I moved
from industry and I told people I'm
from industry and I told people I'm
moving from industry to government and
moving from industry to government and
some people thought I was moving to NIH.
some people thought I was moving to NIH.
And I've always very perplexed and I was
And I've always very perplexed and I was
wondering why are they thinking I'm moving to
wondering why are they thinking I'm moving to
NIH and then I realized they thought
NIH and then I realized they thought
fuel cells were the same as stem cells.
fuel cells were the same as stem cells.
And so thanks for this opportunity to
And so thanks for this opportunity to
spread the word and educate people, thank
spread the word and educate people, thank
you all for your interest.
you all for your interest.
So going back to the beginning of the
So going back to the beginning of the
fuel cell program at DOE, it started in the
fuel cell program at DOE, it started in the
1970s during the first oil embargo when
1970s during the first oil embargo when
a group of scientists on industry
a group of scientists on industry
government, DOE managers got
government, DOE managers got
together at Los Alamos and looked at
together at Los Alamos and looked at
know how can we get off foreign oil? And
know how can we get off foreign oil? And
that was the beginning. Scientists
that was the beginning. Scientists
developed and optimized what's known as
developed and optimized what's known as
the fuel cell electrodes, the heart of
the fuel cell electrodes, the heart of
the fuel cell system. You can see the
the fuel cell system. You can see the
cars here, very early version. A lot of
cars here, very early version. A lot of
people don't know that GM, General Motors
people don't know that GM, General Motors
relocated part of their staff to
relocated part of their staff to
Los Alamos to work on hydrogen and fuel
Los Alamos to work on hydrogen and fuel
cell technology. And 40 years later we
cell technology. And 40 years later we
have commercial fuel-cell cars in the
have commercial fuel-cell cars in the
market. So how many of you have seen the
market. So how many of you have seen the
fuel cell cars?
fuel cell cars?
Okay great and so great great progress.
Okay great and so great great progress.
And thank you all there many people
And thank you all there many people
worldwide who've made this happen.
worldwide who've made this happen.
So the bottom line is we have power,
So the bottom line is we have power,
performance and completely
performance and completely
pollution-free. So these cars can refuel
pollution-free. So these cars can refuel
in minutes. We have more than 300 mile
in minutes. We have more than 300 mile
driving range. The latest model that just
driving range. The latest model that just
came out has 366 miles on just one fill.
came out has 366 miles on just one fill.
More, one of the models has 66 mile per
More, one of the models has 66 mile per
gallon equivalent fuel economy and very
gallon equivalent fuel economy and very
high power. They're all electric
high power. They're all electric
drive, no conventional transmission, pistons,
drive, no conventional transmission, pistons,
gears and so forth. So straight from a
gears and so forth. So straight from a
standing start you get very high torque,
standing start you get very high torque,
very high acceleration, and all
very high acceleration, and all
completely pollution-free. So no criteria
completely pollution-free. So no criteria
pollutants, no CO2, only water vapor. In
pollutants, no CO2, only water vapor. In
fact this bottle is exhaust from the
fact this bottle is exhaust from the
from the car.
from the car.
And in my previous job, one
And in my previous job, one
of my previous jobs in fact working in
of my previous jobs in fact working in
industry where we use fuel cells for
industry where we use fuel cells for
space applications. The astronauts
space applications. The astronauts
actually can drink the water coming out
actually can drink the water coming out
of the fuel cell, so completely clean
of the fuel cell, so completely clean
technology. And we actually have a couple
technology. And we actually have a couple
of the world's first commercial cars
of the world's first commercial cars
here now in the DOE building, or in the
here now in the DOE building, or in the
garage. And we have, so this is the first
garage. And we have, so this is the first
time we have federal agency, an agency
time we have federal agency, an agency
that actually has commercial fuel-cell
that actually has commercial fuel-cell
cars here.
cars here.
So how does that work? So when you step
So how does that work? So when you step
on the gas pedal you'll have fuel that
on the gas pedal you'll have fuel that
flows in on one side of the fuel cell,
flows in on one side of the fuel cell,
and I have sample here this is the heart
and I have sample here this is the heart
of the fuel cell and then you have air
of the fuel cell and then you have air
that comes in the other side. And we have
that comes in the other side. And we have
basically no combustion, you're not burning.
basically no combustion, you're not burning.
We have a pretty archaic system now, we waste
We have a pretty archaic system now, we waste
a lot of that energy content in the fuel
a lot of that energy content in the fuel
as just heat. But you produce
as just heat. But you produce
electricity directly. Simple, simple
electricity directly. Simple, simple
version here. And the oxygen from the
version here. And the oxygen from the
air combines with part of the hydrogen
air combines with part of the hydrogen
to produce water. So we have been funding
to produce water. So we have been funding
this at DOE for decades as you know. And
this at DOE for decades as you know. And
just to give you an idea we have
just to give you an idea we have
optimized this heart of a fuel cell. So
optimized this heart of a fuel cell. So
this size is about enough to power a
this size is about enough to power a
lightbulb.
lightbulb.
So you can get an idea of how much power
So you can get an idea of how much power
you can get. And you can stack these so
you can get. And you can stack these so
these are modular, scalable. They're
these are modular, scalable. They're
small enough to power your laptop, your
small enough to power your laptop, your
cell phone.
cell phone.
They're large enough, in a typical car
They're large enough, in a typical car
you might have 300 of these. It replaces
you might have 300 of these. It replaces
the engine, it's just about this big. And
the engine, it's just about this big. And
the largest fuel cell in the world is
the largest fuel cell in the world is
now in Korea 60 megawatts or so. So very
now in Korea 60 megawatts or so. So very
large to provide power for industrial
large to provide power for industrial
applications. And again no combustion,
applications. And again no combustion,
direct electrical production, and so much
direct electrical production, and so much
more efficient over twice as efficient
more efficient over twice as efficient
compared to today's gasoline vehicles. So
compared to today's gasoline vehicles. So
what about hydrogen? So if we go back to
what about hydrogen? So if we go back to
hydrogen, hydrogen actually is the most
hydrogen, hydrogen actually is the most
abundant element in the universe, I think
abundant element in the universe, I think
most people are aware, 75% of the
most people are aware, 75% of the
known mass of the universe is hydrogen.
known mass of the universe is hydrogen.
It also has the highest, one of the
It also has the highest, one of the
highest energy contents of all known
highest energy contents of all known
fuels. It's actually three times more
fuels. It's actually three times more
than gasoline but that's on a mass or
than gasoline but that's on a mass or
weight basis. It's a light, very light gas.
weight basis. It's a light, very light gas.
So if you look on a volume basis it's
So if you look on a volume basis it's
actually worse than gasoline. Gasoline has
actually worse than gasoline. Gasoline has
has a lot of energy density by volume
has a lot of energy density by volume
but hydrogen is not found easily free
but hydrogen is not found easily free
in nature. You have to produce that
in nature. You have to produce that
hydrogen. And so it's an energy carrier
hydrogen. And so it's an energy carrier
not a source. But you can produce it from
not a source. But you can produce it from
diverse domestic resources, so natural
diverse domestic resources, so natural
gas, coal, gasification, nuclear heat,
gas, coal, gasification, nuclear heat,
renewables obviously. And you can use it
renewables obviously. And you can use it
in a number of applications. So we talked
in a number of applications. So we talked
about fuel cells but you can use
about fuel cells but you can use
it today,
it today,
petroleum refining and fertilizer
petroleum refining and fertilizer
production are their largest uses of
production are their largest uses of
hydrogen. But in food processing even
hydrogen. But in food processing even
cosmetics it's basically a very well
cosmetics it's basically a very well
known chemical commodity. And if you look
known chemical commodity. And if you look
at where we produce hydrogen, we already
at where we produce hydrogen, we already
produce more than 10 million metric
produce more than 10 million metric
tons per year, mostly from reforming
tons per year, mostly from reforming
natural gas. We have more than 1,600
natural gas. We have more than 1,600
miles of hydrogen pipeline, a lot of
miles of hydrogen pipeline, a lot of
people don't realize that. You can see
people don't realize that. You can see
almost every state actually has large
almost every state actually has large
central hydrogen production facilities.
central hydrogen production facilities.
In terms of hydrogen stations there are
In terms of hydrogen stations there are
now 25 retail, completely retail stations.
now 25 retail, completely retail stations.
You can go pay with a credit card and 12
You can go pay with a credit card and 12
to 25 plants in the Northeast. About a
to 25 plants in the Northeast. About a
hundred in the works in California right
hundred in the works in California right
now. So we talked about hydrogen it
now. So we talked about hydrogen it
takes energy to produce hydrogen, but
takes energy to produce hydrogen, but
because the fuel cell is so much more
because the fuel cell is so much more
efficient on the total well-to-wheels
efficient on the total well-to-wheels
or life-cycle
or life-cycle
goal greenhouse gas emissions is what we
goal greenhouse gas emissions is what we
really need to look at. We don't overhype
really need to look at. We don't overhype
the hydrogen and fuel cell advantages
the hydrogen and fuel cell advantages
and we look at the total of energy that
and we look at the total of energy that
it takes and emissions from producing,
it takes and emissions from producing,
delivering, storing and then converting
delivering, storing and then converting
that hydrogen to fuel. So we across the
that hydrogen to fuel. So we across the
offices at DOE continue to update these
offices at DOE continue to update these
analyses, this is hot off the press, just
analyses, this is hot off the press, just
one snapshot in time. Because this will
one snapshot in time. Because this will
continue to evolve. But we look at all
continue to evolve. But we look at all
the different technologies that are now
the different technologies that are now
out in the market. These are some
out in the market. These are some
examples and look at the range so today's
examples and look at the range so today's
conventional gasoline vehicle gives you
conventional gasoline vehicle gives you
about 450 grams of co2 per mile, to give
about 450 grams of co2 per mile, to give
you a baseline. And then we look at the
you a baseline. And then we look at the
range of co2 per mile for all of these
range of co2 per mile for all of these
different technologies, so we can see
different technologies, so we can see
they're all beneficial, they're all the
they're all beneficial, they're all the
road. And we're already starting to
road. And we're already starting to
reduce our total life cycle emissions.
reduce our total life cycle emissions.
And now for the first time in history we
And now for the first time in history we
have commercial fuel-cell cars on the
have commercial fuel-cell cars on the
road and even if you produce that
road and even if you produce that
hydrogen from natural gas we get this
hydrogen from natural gas we get this
question all the time,
question all the time,
you still have a total well-to-wheels
you still have a total well-to-wheels
emission because there's zero carbon
emission because there's zero carbon
from the tailpipe. Reduction of about
from the tailpipe. Reduction of about
50% and then of course as you
50% and then of course as you
go to renewables, California requires 33%
go to renewables, California requires 33%
renewables now. You can see
renewables now. You can see
that we're continuing to reduce the
that we're continuing to reduce the
amount of greenhouse gas emissions. So of
amount of greenhouse gas emissions. So of
course the big question is cost. So let
course the big question is cost. So let
me quickly cover the cost status and we
me quickly cover the cost status and we
have a number of technical targets. So the
have a number of technical targets. So the
bottom line is we have to get, be
bottom line is we have to get, be
competitive with other technologies.So
competitive with other technologies.So
whether it's the fuel cell, $40
whether it's the fuel cell, $40
per kilowatt is our target. Whether it's
per kilowatt is our target. Whether it's
the hydrogen, in this case $4
the hydrogen, in this case $4
per kilogram and you might see kilogram
per kilogram and you might see kilogram
or gallon gasoline equivalent used
or gallon gasoline equivalent used
interchangeably because it just so
interchangeably because it just so
happens that coincidence of nature that
happens that coincidence of nature that
one kilogram of hydrogen has the same
one kilogram of hydrogen has the same
energy content as one gallon of gasoline.
energy content as one gallon of gasoline.
So unlike other ethanol or others where
So unlike other ethanol or others where
you have to do a calculation, that's it's
you have to do a calculation, that's it's
roughly the same. And then for
roughly the same. And then for
hydrogen storage as well these hydrogen
hydrogen storage as well these hydrogen
is stored in tanks on board the vehicle.
is stored in tanks on board the vehicle.
They go through bonfire,
They go through bonfire,
gunfire, drop testing, crash-testing. Very
gunfire, drop testing, crash-testing. Very
extensively tested for safety obviously.
extensively tested for safety obviously.
And so let's look at where we are today
And so let's look at where we are today
compared to where we need to be. So we
compared to where we need to be. So we
have depending on the volume and Mark
have depending on the volume and Mark
talked about manufacturing which is
talked about manufacturing which is
really critical, so we have to increase
really critical, so we have to increase
the volume and market penetration so at
the volume and market penetration so at
low volume you know there aren't very
low volume you know there aren't very
many systems out there, only about
many systems out there, only about
a thousand or so commercial cars
a thousand or so commercial cars
now in the U.S. So you can see the
now in the U.S. So you can see the
cost is low, it's still much too high.
cost is low, it's still much too high.
Same with the hydrogen at the station,
Same with the hydrogen at the station,
same with the hydrogen storage. If we can
same with the hydrogen storage. If we can
get the volume, get mass market
get the volume, get mass market
penetration we get closer to our targets
penetration we get closer to our targets
and we keep continuing to make progress.
and we keep continuing to make progress.
So we need to get volume and we get
So we need to get volume and we get
market penetration. So what's very
market penetration. So what's very
exciting just in the last couple of
exciting just in the last couple of
years we have buses now, a fleet especially
years we have buses now, a fleet especially
in California over 15 million passengers.
in California over 15 million passengers.
So these are in passenger service. We
So these are in passenger service. We
have forklifts in the last couple of
have forklifts in the last couple of
years as well, over 10,000 we're tracking.
years as well, over 10,000 we're tracking.
Major companies Walmart, Coca-Cola, FedEx
Major companies Walmart, Coca-Cola, FedEx
are using hydrogen fuel-cell forklifts.
are using hydrogen fuel-cell forklifts.
Of course, zero emissions inside warehouses is one big
Of course, zero emissions inside warehouses is one big
driver and, millions of hydrogen
driver and, millions of hydrogen
refuelings. I mentioned Walmart, Coca-Cola,
refuelings. I mentioned Walmart, Coca-Cola,
FedEx. One of the fuel cell developers said
FedEx. One of the fuel cell developers said
that every 12 seconds one of their
that every 12 seconds one of their
customers is refueling with hydrogen, so
customers is refueling with hydrogen, so
we're getting lots of real-time
we're getting lots of real-time
experience and also hot off the press, the
experience and also hot off the press, the
Superbowl had a fuel cell mobile
Superbowl had a fuel cell mobile
lighting unit instead of a diesel
lighting unit instead of a diesel
generator that was providing light. So
generator that was providing light. So
early markets were seeing. And Germany
early markets were seeing. And Germany
just announced plans for the world's
just announced plans for the world's
first hydrogen fuel-cell train that is
first hydrogen fuel-cell train that is
supposed to be in passenger service next
supposed to be in passenger service next
year.
year.
Japan is one of the major leaders. I was
Japan is one of the major leaders. I was
actually here while ago, this is the
actually here while ago, this is the
world's largest town Fukuoka running on
world's largest town Fukuoka running on
hydrogen. They have a hydrogen pipeline
hydrogen. They have a hydrogen pipeline
coming from a steel plant. I walked
coming from a steel plant. I walked
over this street by the way and a museum
over this street by the way and a museum
with fuel cell, they have a apartment building
with fuel cell, they have a apartment building
with fuel cells. A station. A bus. Vehicles.
with fuel cells. A station. A bus. Vehicles.
So regional deployments. And besides
So regional deployments. And besides
transportation, fuel cells are making
transportation, fuel cells are making
headway in the stationary sector as well. So
headway in the stationary sector as well. So
critical loads such as banks, credit card
critical loads such as banks, credit card
companies, supermarkets twice already
companies, supermarkets twice already
this has happened to me where I was at
this has happened to me where I was at
the grocery store and all the lights went
the grocery store and all the lights went
out.
out.
So in terms of perishable loads, grid
So in terms of perishable loads, grid
resiliency, we're seeing fuel cells take
resiliency, we're seeing fuel cells take
off. And the new World Trade Center is
off. And the new World Trade Center is
going to have over four megawatts of
going to have over four megawatts of
fuel cells powered by natural gas. So you
fuel cells powered by natural gas. So you
don't have to use hydrogen you can use a
don't have to use hydrogen you can use a
number of different fuels. Aand this just
number of different fuels. Aand this just
gives you idea again of electrical
gives you idea again of electrical
efficiency. So their are a number of different
efficiency. So their are a number of different
technologies, from EPA this shows you
technologies, from EPA this shows you
again the benefit, one of the benefits
again the benefit, one of the benefits
of fuel cells with very high
of fuel cells with very high
efficiency conversion of fuel to
efficiency conversion of fuel to
electricity. So we publish an annual
electricity. So we publish an annual
reports every year which tracks the
reports every year which tracks the
growth. You can see steady growth in
growth. You can see steady growth in
hydrogen and fuel cell technologies over
hydrogen and fuel cell technologies over
the years. 60,000 fuel cells were shipped
the years. 60,000 fuel cells were shipped
worldwide in 2015. Most of this is this
worldwide in 2015. Most of this is this
green area in the stationary sector. And
green area in the stationary sector. And
people are usually surprised to learn
people are usually surprised to learn
that it's small residential fuel cells.
that it's small residential fuel cells.
Most of those are in Japan. Over 170,000
Most of those are in Japan. Over 170,000
major companies like Panasonic, Toshiba,
major companies like Panasonic, Toshiba,
these fuel cells especially since
these fuel cells especially since
Fukushima provide power for the home.
Fukushima provide power for the home.
They run on natural gas and provide hot
They run on natural gas and provide hot
water so we're seeing a growing market
water so we're seeing a growing market
in hydrogen fuel cell technologies. Now
in hydrogen fuel cell technologies. Now
the big question is hydrogen
the big question is hydrogen
infrastructure. So I'm going to end with
infrastructure. So I'm going to end with
a couple of comments there and talk
a couple of comments there and talk
about what can we learn from
about what can we learn from
history if we look at infrastructure? So
history if we look at infrastructure? So
if you go to gasoline in the late
if you go to gasoline in the late
1800s, we had a vast
1800s, we had a vast
infrastructure for kerosene for lamps.
infrastructure for kerosene for lamps.
And when we moved to electric lighting,
And when we moved to electric lighting,
that kerosene infrastructure became
that kerosene infrastructure became
available for
available for
gasoline, and we had cans, barrels, you see
gasoline, and we had cans, barrels, you see
this guy getting gasoline out of this
this guy getting gasoline out of this
barrel. We had pharmacies, general stores
barrel. We had pharmacies, general stores
where you could actually go and buy a
where you could actually go and buy a
little bit of gasoline, so it was widely
little bit of gasoline, so it was widely
available. Many diverse options. And this
available. Many diverse options. And this
guy is riding his bicycle transporting
guy is riding his bicycle transporting
gasoline and pay no attention to the
gasoline and pay no attention to the
fact that he's smoking here, so not much
fact that he's smoking here, so not much
in terms of safety codes and standards.
in terms of safety codes and standards.
And we actually had a number of
And we actually had a number of
different home refueling methods. So we
different home refueling methods. So we
had a gasoline tank. You had a hose
had a gasoline tank. You had a hose
and you could refuel at home. In fact
and you could refuel at home. In fact
between 1900-1915 there were about 70
between 1900-1915 there were about 70
different home gasoline fueler models
different home gasoline fueler models
on the market. So what history showed is
on the market. So what history showed is
that we had a phased introduction of
that we had a phased introduction of
different fueling methods. We had no
different fueling methods. We had no
concept of today's gasoline station. We had
concept of today's gasoline station. We had
dispersed methods, curb pumps drive-in
dispersed methods, curb pumps drive-in
stations and then finally the self-
stations and then finally the self-
serve stations that we know today. So
serve stations that we know today. So
while states are putting in hydrogen
while states are putting in hydrogen
stations, we now have one in DC that we
stations, we now have one in DC that we
just opened in collaboration with the
just opened in collaboration with the
National Park Service to fuel our cars
National Park Service to fuel our cars
that we have here. And California, states
that we have here. And California, states
are putting in regular retail
are putting in regular retail
stations. And to complement that we
stations. And to complement that we
issued the H-Prize to allow for a
issued the H-Prize to allow for a
smaller option, again that concept of
smaller option, again that concept of
providing that hydrogen easily
providing that hydrogen easily
accessible. Small community fueling
accessible. Small community fueling
whether it's forklifts or cars. And so
whether it's forklifts or cars. And so
we're very excited to soon be able to
we're very excited to soon be able to
announce the one million-dollar prize
announce the one million-dollar prize
winner. So as we move forward information
winner. So as we move forward information
sharing is really critical, and we
sharing is really critical, and we
launched H2 Tools which is a one-stop
launched H2 Tools which is a one-stop
shop for sharing hydrogen information. We
shop for sharing hydrogen information. We
trained over 36,000 code officials. You
trained over 36,000 code officials. You
can see the different regions across the
can see the different regions across the
country where we're getting most of the
country where we're getting most of the
interest in terms of the website. And we
interest in terms of the website. And we
need to continue sharing that
need to continue sharing that
information and we also need to make
information and we also need to make
sure that we tell the story in terms of
sure that we tell the story in terms of
the portfolio approach. So we really need
the portfolio approach. So we really need
all of the technologies. It's
all of the technologies. It's
not only one over the other,
not only one over the other,
not an either/or situation. We need
not an either/or situation. We need
batteries and fuel cells. We need
batteries and fuel cells. We need
electricity and hydrogen. Aand we need
electricity and hydrogen. Aand we need
we're looking at number of new options
we're looking at number of new options
as well so net zero carbon fuels taking
as well so net zero carbon fuels taking
solar or wind producing hydrogen so you
solar or wind producing hydrogen so you
can basically take water, apply
can basically take water, apply
electricity, split the water to hydrogen
electricity, split the water to hydrogen
and oxygen, combine that hydrogen with
and oxygen, combine that hydrogen with
carbon with co2 to produce net zero
carbon with co2 to produce net zero
liquid fuels. So a number of options. And in
liquid fuels. So a number of options. And in
terms of the newest vision that's
terms of the newest vision that's
gaining momentum worldwide, we're calling
gaining momentum worldwide, we're calling
it here at DOE H2 at Scale. And
it here at DOE H2 at Scale. And
the so-called big idea concept proposed by
the so-called big idea concept proposed by
our national laboratories. Here the
our national laboratories. Here the
concept is, you can use renewable or
concept is, you can use renewable or
other technologies obviously, clean
other technologies obviously, clean
technologies for the grid and you can
technologies for the grid and you can
either continue with batteries
either continue with batteries
which as a means of storage, so electrons
which as a means of storage, so electrons
to electrons, or you can produce
to electrons, or you can produce
hydrogen and when the sun is shining the
hydrogen and when the sun is shining the
wind is blowing and then store that
wind is blowing and then store that
hydrogen. Either feed it back to the grid,
hydrogen. Either feed it back to the grid,
provide real-time grid services,
provide real-time grid services,
compensate for the intermittency of
compensate for the intermittency of
renewables or you can inject that into
renewables or you can inject that into
the natural gas pipeline. Some countries
the natural gas pipeline. Some countries
are doing that now. Produce that hydrogen
are doing that now. Produce that hydrogen
for vehicles, synthetic fuels as i
for vehicles, synthetic fuels as i
mentioned, biomass. Number of other
mentioned, biomass. Number of other
approaches that are, where hydrogen is
approaches that are, where hydrogen is
needed. Such as the ammonia production
needed. Such as the ammonia production
industrial applications or you can of
industrial applications or you can of
course go directly from those renewables
course go directly from those renewables
to hydrogen generation. So it's a way to
to hydrogen generation. So it's a way to
decouple what we think of it in terms of
decouple what we think of it in terms of
our conventional
our conventional
stovepiped sectors. So finally, what can
stovepiped sectors. So finally, what can
you do to help us? We have as of course
you do to help us? We have as of course
everyone on the street knows, hydrogen
everyone on the street knows, hydrogen
the simplest lightest element. The atomic
the simplest lightest element. The atomic
weight is 1.008.
weight is 1.008.
And Congress believe it or not
And Congress believe it or not
introduced National Hydrogen Fuel-Cell
introduced National Hydrogen Fuel-Cell
day as October 8 and you can help us
day as October 8 and you can help us
by celebrating National Hydrogen
by celebrating National Hydrogen
Fuel Cell Day. This past October we had a
Fuel Cell Day. This past October we had a
National Press Club event. We reached
National Press Club event. We reached
half a million people, again people just
half a million people, again people just
don't know that much about hydrogen and
don't know that much about hydrogen and
fuel cells. And I think it's the only
fuel cells. And I think it's the only
element that has its own national day. So
element that has its own national day. So
thank you again for your interest and
thank you again for your interest and
please help us to increase your H2 IQ.
please help us to increase your H2 IQ.
Thank you.
Thank you.
This is actually a really exciting time. in the history of hydrogen and fuel cell. technologies, which are actually not. as well known as some of the other. technologies like solar and wind and. batteries. And in fact when I moved to. DOE almost roughly 13 years ago, I moved. from industry and I told people I'm. moving from industry to government and. some people thought I was moving to NIH.. And I've always very perplexed and I was. wondering why are they thinking I'm moving to. NIH and then I realized they thought. fuel cells were the same as stem cells.. And so thanks for this opportunity to. spread the word and educate people, thank. you all for your interest.. So going back to the beginning of the. fuel cell program at DOE, it started in the. 1970s during the first oil embargo when.
/tekˈnäləjē/
application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes. Of practical use of machines/sciences in industries.
/bəˈɡiniNG/
new or inexperienced. point at which something begins. To do the first part of an action; to start.
/ˈTHiNGkiNG/
using thought or rational judgement. process of considering or reasoning about something. To have an idea, opinion or belief about something.
/ikˈsīdiNG/
causing great enthusiasm and eagerness. To make someone feel happy, interested or eager.
/ˈsīəntəst/
person who is studying or has expert knowledge of one or more of natural or physical sciences. People who are trained in a science.
/ˈmanijər/
person in charge of staff or organization. People who controls and runs a business or group.
/ˈwəndəriNG/
characterized by or expressive of desire to know something. To think or consider about something over time.
/ˈprōˌɡram/
A computer application. To write computer code for a piece of software.
Metric | Count | EXP & Bonus |
---|---|---|
PERFECT HITS | 20 | 300 |
HITS | 20 | 300 |
STREAK | 20 | 300 |
TOTAL | 800 |
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