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Whether it’s Star Trek, Stargate, or Babylon 5,
Whether it’s Star Trek, Stargate, or Babylon 5,

wormholes have been showing up in science fiction for a long time.
wormholes have been showing up in science fiction for a long time.

They’re just this super convenient tunnel to another part of the universe; a way for
They’re just this super convenient tunnel to another part of the universe; a way for

sci-fi writers to send their characters across huge distances in the blink of an eye.
sci-fi writers to send their characters across huge distances in the blink of an eye.

And it turns out that they’re not just science fiction: wormholes could really exist.
And it turns out that they’re not just science fiction: wormholes could really exist.

But if they do, they’re much weirder than anything we could make up.
But if they do, they’re much weirder than anything we could make up.

In physics, a wormhole is known as an Einstein-Rosen bridge.
In physics, a wormhole is known as an Einstein-Rosen bridge.

It’s named after Albert Einstein and another physicist, Nathan Rosen.
It’s named after Albert Einstein and another physicist, Nathan Rosen.

They came up with the idea together in 1935, and showed that according to the general theory
They came up with the idea together in 1935, and showed that according to the general theory

of relativity, wormholes are a definite possibility.
of relativity, wormholes are a definite possibility.

A wormhole acts like a tunnel between two different points in spacetime, which is, you
A wormhole acts like a tunnel between two different points in spacetime, which is, you

know, just the continuum of space and time that makes up the fabric of the universe.
know, just the continuum of space and time that makes up the fabric of the universe.

According to general relativity, gravity works by bending spacetime.
According to general relativity, gravity works by bending spacetime.

Planets and stars act like a weight in the fabric of the universe, creating a curve.
Planets and stars act like a weight in the fabric of the universe, creating a curve.

It can be kind of hard to picture what spacetime is,
It can be kind of hard to picture what spacetime is,

let alone what it would mean for it to bend, so physicists often talk about it by
let alone what it would mean for it to bend, so physicists often talk about it by

using weights on a stretched bedsheet as an analogy.
using weights on a stretched bedsheet as an analogy.

Earth would be like a big bowling ball making a big dip in the sheet, and when something
Earth would be like a big bowling ball making a big dip in the sheet, and when something

gets too close to the planet and it’s pulled in by the gravity,
gets too close to the planet and it’s pulled in by the gravity,

it’s like it’s falling into that dip in the sheet.
it’s like it’s falling into that dip in the sheet.

We’re just all falling down into the dip in spacetime that the Earth makes,
We’re just all falling down into the dip in spacetime that the Earth makes,

and that’s why I’m not floating away.
and that’s why I’m not floating away.

But if spacetime can be curved, it can also be twisted and shaped in other ways, like
But if spacetime can be curved, it can also be twisted and shaped in other ways, like

by connecting two different places with a tunnel.
by connecting two different places with a tunnel.

It’s kind of like poking two holes into that bedsheet, folding it over,
It’s kind of like poking two holes into that bedsheet, folding it over,

and then stretching the fabric so that the edges of the holes can get together,
and then stretching the fabric so that the edges of the holes can get together,

and you just sew them into a tunnel.
and you just sew them into a tunnel.

That’s a wormhole.
That’s a wormhole.

In a bedsheet.
In a bedsheet.

But because wormholes don’t seem to violate the laws of physics
But because wormholes don’t seem to violate the laws of physics

does not mean that they actually exist; they’re just technically possible.
does not mean that they actually exist; they’re just technically possible.

And unfortunately, we haven’t yet detected any,
And unfortunately, we haven’t yet detected any,

and we aren’t even sure how they would form.
and we aren’t even sure how they would form.

If wormholes do exist, one reason we might not have spotted them
If wormholes do exist, one reason we might not have spotted them

is that they could be hiding behind black holes.
is that they could be hiding behind black holes.

A black hole is what happens when there’s so much mass squeezed into an object that
A black hole is what happens when there’s so much mass squeezed into an object that

it ends up with such a strong force of gravity that even light can’t escape its pull.
it ends up with such a strong force of gravity that even light can’t escape its pull.

Once you get too close to a black hole, you’re toast:
Once you get too close to a black hole, you’re toast:

there’s no escaping being smushed into oblivion.
there’s no escaping being smushed into oblivion.

In the bedsheet model, black holes and wormholes look very similar,
In the bedsheet model, black holes and wormholes look very similar,

they both have a steep falloff that seems to go on forever.
they both have a steep falloff that seems to go on forever.

Except, with a wormhole, the steep drop actually leads somewhere.
Except, with a wormhole, the steep drop actually leads somewhere.

According to general relativity, wormholes could have black holes at each end, meaning
According to general relativity, wormholes could have black holes at each end, meaning

that after diving into a black hole on one end, the energy that was once your body could
that after diving into a black hole on one end, the energy that was once your body could

get spewed out somewhere totally different in the universe.
get spewed out somewhere totally different in the universe.

Of course, you would not survive that trip.
Of course, you would not survive that trip.

All that would be left is radiation and subatomic particles.
All that would be left is radiation and subatomic particles.

So, I can’t see anyone volunteering to test that out anytime soon.
So, I can’t see anyone volunteering to test that out anytime soon.

Then there are white holes, which are the opposite of black holes: They spew out matter
Then there are white holes, which are the opposite of black holes: They spew out matter

with such force that it would be impossible to enter them.
with such force that it would be impossible to enter them.

If black holes are infinite weights on a bedsheet, white holes would be like hills:
If black holes are infinite weights on a bedsheet, white holes would be like hills:

objects pushing up on the bedsheet.
objects pushing up on the bedsheet.

Like wormholes, these are a thing that could exist, the math does check out,
Like wormholes, these are a thing that could exist, the math does check out,

we’re just not sure how they’d form.
we’re just not sure how they’d form.

But we know that if they exist, they could be found at either end of a wormhole, too.
But we know that if they exist, they could be found at either end of a wormhole, too.

So, maybe if there was a black hole at one end of the wormhole and a white hole at the
So, maybe if there was a black hole at one end of the wormhole and a white hole at the

other, we could go in the black hole end, and be blasted out the white hole end.
other, we could go in the black hole end, and be blasted out the white hole end.

Maybe.
Maybe.

But you’d still probably be crushed by the black hole in the process.
But you’d still probably be crushed by the black hole in the process.

Not to mention it would definitely be a one-way trip.
Not to mention it would definitely be a one-way trip.

And there are a few other problems with wormholes:
And there are a few other problems with wormholes:

For one thing, they’d probably be dangerous.
For one thing, they’d probably be dangerous.

Sudden unexpected collapse, weird exotic particles, a ton of radiation …
Sudden unexpected collapse, weird exotic particles, a ton of radiation …

it’s not a vacation spot.
it’s not a vacation spot.

In fact, travelling through a wormhole could instantly collapse it,
In fact, travelling through a wormhole could instantly collapse it,

because they’d probably be unstable.
because they’d probably be unstable.

And then there’s the fact that wormholes might not be a shortcut at all.
And then there’s the fact that wormholes might not be a shortcut at all.

A random wormhole could easily be a longer-than-normal path.
A random wormhole could easily be a longer-than-normal path.

Size is also a problem.
Size is also a problem.

A real-life wormhole could be too small for us to travel through.
A real-life wormhole could be too small for us to travel through.

Not to mention the travel time, which could be millions or billions of years,
Not to mention the travel time, which could be millions or billions of years,

making some wormholes pretty useless.
making some wormholes pretty useless.

So, that’s a lot of problems.
So, that’s a lot of problems.

The biggest hope actually comes from how little we know.
The biggest hope actually comes from how little we know.

A lot of this depends on physics that we haven’t quite worked out yet, or on facts about our
A lot of this depends on physics that we haven’t quite worked out yet, or on facts about our

universe’s history and geometry that we just don’t know for sure.
universe’s history and geometry that we just don’t know for sure.

Once we have all that figured out, the final barrier would be technology and opportunity.
Once we have all that figured out, the final barrier would be technology and opportunity.

Right now, we definitely don’t know how to make a wormhole, and we’d have to be
Right now, we definitely don’t know how to make a wormhole, and we’d have to be

super lucky to find one that was useful to us, if they exist at all.
super lucky to find one that was useful to us, if they exist at all.

So, it’s pretty clear that we won’t be sliding through any wormholes anytime soon.
So, it’s pretty clear that we won’t be sliding through any wormholes anytime soon.

But we know that they could be out there,
But we know that they could be out there,

hiding in some of the most extreme places in the universe.
hiding in some of the most extreme places in the universe.

And who knows?
And who knows?

Maybe our ideas about wormholes will be totally different in the future.
Maybe our ideas about wormholes will be totally different in the future.

People living just a few hundred years ago couldn’t have even imagined
People living just a few hundred years ago couldn’t have even imagined

particle accelerators or YouTube videos.
particle accelerators or YouTube videos.

And the possibility of a future like Stargate, where you just “dial in” a few symbols
And the possibility of a future like Stargate, where you just “dial in” a few symbols

and walk into another world halfway across the galaxy, sounds pretty awesome.
and walk into another world halfway across the galaxy, sounds pretty awesome.

Let’s keep writing TV shows about it.
Let’s keep writing TV shows about it.

Until then, we will keep exploring the universe right here at home.
Until then, we will keep exploring the universe right here at home.

Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Space!
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Space!

If you are interested in learning more about sci fi space travel,
If you are interested in learning more about sci fi space travel,

you can check out our video on photonic propulsion.
you can check out our video on photonic propulsion.

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