The Chipko movement or Chipko Andolan is a movement that practiced the Gandhian methods
The Chipko movement or Chipko Andolan is a movement that practiced the Gandhian methods

of satyagraha and non-violent resistance, through the act of hugging trees to protect
of satyagraha and non-violent resistance, through the act of hugging trees to protect

them from being felled. This was first initiated by Amrita Devi while protesting against a
them from being felled. This was first initiated by Amrita Devi while protesting against a

King's men to cut the tree. The modern Chipko movement started in the early 1970s in the
King's men to cut the tree. The modern Chipko movement started in the early 1970s in the

Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand, then in Uttar Pradesh with growing awareness of rapid
Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand, then in Uttar Pradesh with growing awareness of rapid

deforestation. The landmark event in this struggle took place on March 26, 1974, when
deforestation. The landmark event in this struggle took place on March 26, 1974, when

a group of peasant women in Reni village, Hemwalghati, in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand,
a group of peasant women in Reni village, Hemwalghati, in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand,

India, acted to prevent the cutting of trees and reclaim their traditional forest rights,
India, acted to prevent the cutting of trees and reclaim their traditional forest rights,

which were threatened by the contractors assigned by the state Forest Department. Their actions
which were threatened by the contractors assigned by the state Forest Department. Their actions

inspired hundreds of such actions at the grassroots level throughout the region. By the 1980s
inspired hundreds of such actions at the grassroots level throughout the region. By the 1980s

the movement had spread throughout India and led to the formulation of people-sensitive
the movement had spread throughout India and led to the formulation of people-sensitive

forest policies, which put a stop to the open felling of trees in regions as far as the
forest policies, which put a stop to the open felling of trees in regions as far as the

Vindhyas and the Western Ghats. Today, it is seen as an inspiration and a precursor
Vindhyas and the Western Ghats. Today, it is seen as an inspiration and a precursor

for Chipko movement of Garhwal. Its leader was Sunderlal Bahuguna.
for Chipko movement of Garhwal. Its leader was Sunderlal Bahuguna.

History The Chipko movement, though primarily a livelihood
History The Chipko movement, though primarily a livelihood

protection movement rather than a forest conservation movement, went on to become a rallying point
protection movement rather than a forest conservation movement, went on to become a rallying point

for many future environmentalists, environmental protests and movements all over the world
for many future environmentalists, environmental protests and movements all over the world

and created a precedent for non-violent protest. It occurred at a time when there was hardly
and created a precedent for non-violent protest. It occurred at a time when there was hardly

any environmental movement in the developing world, and its success meant that the world
any environmental movement in the developing world, and its success meant that the world

immediately took notice of this non-violent movement, which was to inspire in time many
immediately took notice of this non-violent movement, which was to inspire in time many

such eco-groups by helping to slow down the rapid deforestation, expose vested interests,
such eco-groups by helping to slow down the rapid deforestation, expose vested interests,

increase ecological awareness, and demonstrate the viability of people power. Above all,
increase ecological awareness, and demonstrate the viability of people power. Above all,

it stirred up the existing civil society in India, which began to address the issues of
it stirred up the existing civil society in India, which began to address the issues of

tribal and marginalized people. So much so that, a quarter of a century later, India
tribal and marginalized people. So much so that, a quarter of a century later, India

Today mentioned the people behind the "forest satyagraha" of the Chipko movement as amongst
Today mentioned the people behind the "forest satyagraha" of the Chipko movement as amongst

"100 people who shaped India". Today, beyond the eco-socialism hue, it is being seen increasingly
"100 people who shaped India". Today, beyond the eco-socialism hue, it is being seen increasingly

as an ecofeminism movement. Although many of its leaders were men, women were not only
as an ecofeminism movement. Although many of its leaders were men, women were not only

its backbone, but also its mainstay, because they were the ones most affected by the rampant
its backbone, but also its mainstay, because they were the ones most affected by the rampant

deforestation,, which led to a lack of firewood and fodder as well as water for drinking and
deforestation,, which led to a lack of firewood and fodder as well as water for drinking and

irrigation. Over the years they also became primary stakeholders in a majority of the
irrigation. Over the years they also became primary stakeholders in a majority of the

afforestation work that happened under the Chipko movement.
afforestation work that happened under the Chipko movement.

In 1987 the Chipko Movement was awarded the Right Livelihood Award
In 1987 the Chipko Movement was awarded the Right Livelihood Award

Beginnings In India the forest cover started deteriorating
Beginnings In India the forest cover started deteriorating

at an alarming rate, resulting in hardships for those involved in labour-intensive fodder
at an alarming rate, resulting in hardships for those involved in labour-intensive fodder

and firewood collection. This also led to a deterioration in the soil conditions, and
and firewood collection. This also led to a deterioration in the soil conditions, and

erosion in the area. As water sources dried up in the hills, water shortages became widespread.
erosion in the area. As water sources dried up in the hills, water shortages became widespread.

Subsequently, communities gave up raising livestock, which added to the problems of
Subsequently, communities gave up raising livestock, which added to the problems of

malnutrition in the region. This crisis was heightened by the fact that forest conservation
malnutrition in the region. This crisis was heightened by the fact that forest conservation

policies, like the Indian Forest Act, 1927, traditionally restricted the access of local
policies, like the Indian Forest Act, 1927, traditionally restricted the access of local

communities to the forests, resulting in scarce farmlands in an over- populated and extremely
communities to the forests, resulting in scarce farmlands in an over- populated and extremely

poor area, despite all of its natural wealth. Thus the sharp decline in the local agrarian
poor area, despite all of its natural wealth. Thus the sharp decline in the local agrarian

economy lead to a migration of people into the plains in search of jobs, leaving behind
economy lead to a migration of people into the plains in search of jobs, leaving behind

several de-populated villages in the 1960s. Gradually a rising awareness of the ecological
several de-populated villages in the 1960s. Gradually a rising awareness of the ecological

crisis, which came from an immediate loss of livelihood caused by it, resulted in the
crisis, which came from an immediate loss of livelihood caused by it, resulted in the

growth of political activism in the region. The year 1964 saw the establishment of Dasholi
growth of political activism in the region. The year 1964 saw the establishment of Dasholi

Gram Swarajya Sangh, set up by Gandhian social worker, Chandi Prasad Bhatt in Gopeshwar,
Gram Swarajya Sangh, set up by Gandhian social worker, Chandi Prasad Bhatt in Gopeshwar,

and inspired by Jayaprakash Narayan and the Sarvodaya movement, with an aim to set up
and inspired by Jayaprakash Narayan and the Sarvodaya movement, with an aim to set up

small industries using the resources of the forest. Their first project was a small workshop
small industries using the resources of the forest. Their first project was a small workshop

making farm tools for local use. Its name was later changed to Dasholi Gram Swarajya
making farm tools for local use. Its name was later changed to Dasholi Gram Swarajya

Sangh from the original Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal in the 1980s. Here they had to face
Sangh from the original Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal in the 1980s. Here they had to face

restrictive forest policies, a hangover of colonial era still prevalent, as well as the
restrictive forest policies, a hangover of colonial era still prevalent, as well as the

"contractor system", in which these pieces of forest land were commodified and auctioned
"contractor system", in which these pieces of forest land were commodified and auctioned

to big contractors, usually from the plains, who brought along their own skilled and semi-skilled
to big contractors, usually from the plains, who brought along their own skilled and semi-skilled

laborers, leaving only the menial jobs like hauling rocks for the hill people, and paying
laborers, leaving only the menial jobs like hauling rocks for the hill people, and paying

them next to nothing. On the other hand, the hill regions saw an influx of more people
them next to nothing. On the other hand, the hill regions saw an influx of more people

from the outside, which only added to the already strained ecological balance.
from the outside, which only added to the already strained ecological balance.

Hastened by increasing hardships, the Garhwal Himalayas soon became the centre for a rising
Hastened by increasing hardships, the Garhwal Himalayas soon became the centre for a rising

ecological awareness of how reckless deforestation had denuded much of the forest cover, resulting
ecological awareness of how reckless deforestation had denuded much of the forest cover, resulting

in the devastating Alaknanda River floods of July 1970, when a major landslide blocked
in the devastating Alaknanda River floods of July 1970, when a major landslide blocked

the river and affected an area starting from Hanumanchatti, near Badrinath to 350 km downstream
the river and affected an area starting from Hanumanchatti, near Badrinath to 350 km downstream

till Haridwar, further numerous villages, bridges and roads were washed away. Thereafter,
till Haridwar, further numerous villages, bridges and roads were washed away. Thereafter,

incidences of landslides and land subsidence became common in an area which was experiencing
incidences of landslides and land subsidence became common in an area which was experiencing

a rapid increase in civil engineering projects. Organization
a rapid increase in civil engineering projects. Organization

Soon villagers, especially women, started organizing themselves under several smaller
Soon villagers, especially women, started organizing themselves under several smaller

groups, taking up local causes with the authorities, and standing up against commercial logging
groups, taking up local causes with the authorities, and standing up against commercial logging

operations that threatened their livelihoods. In October 1971, the Sangh workers held a
operations that threatened their livelihoods. In October 1971, the Sangh workers held a

demonstration in Gopeshwar to protest against the policies of the Forest Department. More
demonstration in Gopeshwar to protest against the policies of the Forest Department. More

rallies and marches were held in late 1972, but to little effect, until a decision to
rallies and marches were held in late 1972, but to little effect, until a decision to

take direct action was taken. The first such occasion occurred when the Forest Department
take direct action was taken. The first such occasion occurred when the Forest Department

turned down the Sangh’s annual request for ten ash trees for its farm tools workshop,
turned down the Sangh’s annual request for ten ash trees for its farm tools workshop,

and instead awarded a contract for 300 trees to Simon Company, a sporting goods manufacturer
and instead awarded a contract for 300 trees to Simon Company, a sporting goods manufacturer

in distant Allahabad, to make tennis rackets. In March, 1973, the lumbermen arrived at Gopeshwar,
in distant Allahabad, to make tennis rackets. In March, 1973, the lumbermen arrived at Gopeshwar,

and after a couple of weeks, they were confronted at village Mandal on April 24, 1973, where
and after a couple of weeks, they were confronted at village Mandal on April 24, 1973, where

about hundred villagers and DGSS workers were beating drums and shouting slogans, thus forcing
about hundred villagers and DGSS workers were beating drums and shouting slogans, thus forcing

the contractors and their lumbermen to retreat. This was the first confrontation of the movement,
the contractors and their lumbermen to retreat. This was the first confrontation of the movement,

The contract was eventually cancelled and awarded to the Sangh instead. By now, the
The contract was eventually cancelled and awarded to the Sangh instead. By now, the

issue had grown beyond the mere procurement of an annual quota of three ash trees, and
issue had grown beyond the mere procurement of an annual quota of three ash trees, and

encompassed a growing concern over commercial logging and the government's forest policy,
encompassed a growing concern over commercial logging and the government's forest policy,

which the villagers saw as unfavourable towards them. The Sangh also decided to resort to
which the villagers saw as unfavourable towards them. The Sangh also decided to resort to

tree-hugging, or Chipko, as a means of non-violent protest.
tree-hugging, or Chipko, as a means of non-violent protest.

But the struggle was far from over, as the same company was awarded more ash trees, in
But the struggle was far from over, as the same company was awarded more ash trees, in

the Phata forest, 80 km away from Gopeshwar. Here again, due to local opposition, starting
the Phata forest, 80 km away from Gopeshwar. Here again, due to local opposition, starting

on June 20, 1973, the contractors retreated after a stand-off that lasted a few days.
on June 20, 1973, the contractors retreated after a stand-off that lasted a few days.

Thereafter, the villagers of Phata and Tarsali formed a vigil group and watched over the
Thereafter, the villagers of Phata and Tarsali formed a vigil group and watched over the

trees till December, when they had another successful stand-off, when the activists reached
trees till December, when they had another successful stand-off, when the activists reached

the site in time. The lumberermen retreated leaving behind the five ash trees felled.
the site in time. The lumberermen retreated leaving behind the five ash trees felled.

The final flash point began a few months later, when the government announced an auction scheduled
The final flash point began a few months later, when the government announced an auction scheduled

in January, 1974, for 2,500 trees near Reni village, overlooking the Alaknanda River.
in January, 1974, for 2,500 trees near Reni village, overlooking the Alaknanda River.

Bhatt set out for the villages in the Reni area, and incited the villagers, who decided
Bhatt set out for the villages in the Reni area, and incited the villagers, who decided

to protest against the actions of the government by hugging the trees. Over the next few weeks,
to protest against the actions of the government by hugging the trees. Over the next few weeks,

rallies and meetings continued in the Reni area.
rallies and meetings continued in the Reni area.

On March 25, 1974, the day the lumbermen were to cut the trees, the men of the Reni village
On March 25, 1974, the day the lumbermen were to cut the trees, the men of the Reni village

and DGSS workers were in Chamoli, diverted by state government and contractors to a fictional
and DGSS workers were in Chamoli, diverted by state government and contractors to a fictional

compensation payment site, while back home labourers arrived by the truckload to start
compensation payment site, while back home labourers arrived by the truckload to start

logging operations. A local girl, on seeing them, rushed to inform Gaura Devi, the head
logging operations. A local girl, on seeing them, rushed to inform Gaura Devi, the head

of the village Mahila Mangal Dal, at Reni village. Gaura Devi led 27 of the village
of the village Mahila Mangal Dal, at Reni village. Gaura Devi led 27 of the village

women to the site and confronted the loggers. When all talking failed, and instead the loggers
women to the site and confronted the loggers. When all talking failed, and instead the loggers

started to shout and abuse the women, threatening them with guns, the women resorted to hugging
started to shout and abuse the women, threatening them with guns, the women resorted to hugging

the trees to stop them from being felled. This went on into late hours. The women kept
the trees to stop them from being felled. This went on into late hours. The women kept

an all-night vigil guarding their trees from the cutters till a few of them relented and
an all-night vigil guarding their trees from the cutters till a few of them relented and

left the village. The next day, when the men and leaders returned, the news of the movement
left the village. The next day, when the men and leaders returned, the news of the movement

spread to the neighbouring Laata and others villages including Henwalghati, and more people
spread to the neighbouring Laata and others villages including Henwalghati, and more people

joined in. Eventually only after a four-day stand-off, the contractors left.
joined in. Eventually only after a four-day stand-off, the contractors left.

Aftermath The news soon reached the state capital, where
Aftermath The news soon reached the state capital, where

then state Chief Minister, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna, set up a committee to look into
then state Chief Minister, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna, set up a committee to look into

the matter, which eventually ruled in favour of the villagers. This became a turning point
the matter, which eventually ruled in favour of the villagers. This became a turning point

in the history of eco-development struggles in the region and around the world.
in the history of eco-development struggles in the region and around the world.

The struggle soon spread across many parts of the region, and such spontaneous stand-offs
The struggle soon spread across many parts of the region, and such spontaneous stand-offs

between the local community and timber merchants occurred at several locations, with hill women
between the local community and timber merchants occurred at several locations, with hill women

demonstrating their new-found power as non-violent activists. As the movement gathered shape
demonstrating their new-found power as non-violent activists. As the movement gathered shape

under its leaders, the name Chipko Movement was attached to their activities. According
under its leaders, the name Chipko Movement was attached to their activities. According

to Chipko historians, the term originally used by Bhatt was the word "angalwaltha" in
to Chipko historians, the term originally used by Bhatt was the word "angalwaltha" in

the Garhwali language for "embrace", which later was adapted to the Hindi word, Chipko,
the Garhwali language for "embrace", which later was adapted to the Hindi word, Chipko,

which means to stick. Subsequently, over the next five years the
which means to stick. Subsequently, over the next five years the

movement spread to many districts in the region, and within a decade throughout the Uttarakhand
movement spread to many districts in the region, and within a decade throughout the Uttarakhand

Himalayas. Larger issues of ecological and economic exploitation of the region were raised.
Himalayas. Larger issues of ecological and economic exploitation of the region were raised.

The villagers demanded that no forest-exploiting contracts should be given to outsiders and
The villagers demanded that no forest-exploiting contracts should be given to outsiders and

local communities should have effective control over natural resources like land, water, and
local communities should have effective control over natural resources like land, water, and

forests. They wanted the government to provide low-cost materials to small industries and
forests. They wanted the government to provide low-cost materials to small industries and

ensure development of the region without disturbing the ecological balance. The movement took
ensure development of the region without disturbing the ecological balance. The movement took

up economic issues of landless forest workers and asked for guarantees of minimum wage.
up economic issues of landless forest workers and asked for guarantees of minimum wage.

Globally Chipko demonstrated how environment causes, up until then considered an activity
Globally Chipko demonstrated how environment causes, up until then considered an activity

of the rich, were a matter of life and death for the poor, who were all too often the first
of the rich, were a matter of life and death for the poor, who were all too often the first

ones to be devastated by an environmental tragedy. Several scholarly studies were made
ones to be devastated by an environmental tragedy. Several scholarly studies were made

in the aftermath of the movement. In 1977, in another area, women tied sacred threads,
in the aftermath of the movement. In 1977, in another area, women tied sacred threads,

Raksha Bandhan, around trees earmarked for felling in a Hindu tradition which signifies
Raksha Bandhan, around trees earmarked for felling in a Hindu tradition which signifies

a bond between brother and sisters. Women’s participation in the Chipko agitation
a bond between brother and sisters. Women’s participation in the Chipko agitation

was a very novel aspect of the movement. The forest contractors of the region usually doubled
was a very novel aspect of the movement. The forest contractors of the region usually doubled

up as suppliers of alcohol to men. Women held sustained agitations against the habit of
up as suppliers of alcohol to men. Women held sustained agitations against the habit of

alcoholism and broadened the agenda of the movement to cover other social issues. The
alcoholism and broadened the agenda of the movement to cover other social issues. The

movement achieved a victory when the government issued a ban on felling of trees in the Himalayan
movement achieved a victory when the government issued a ban on felling of trees in the Himalayan

regions for fifteen years in 1980 by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, until the green
regions for fifteen years in 1980 by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, until the green

cover was fully restored. One of the prominent Chipko leaders, Gandhian Sunderlal Bahuguna,
cover was fully restored. One of the prominent Chipko leaders, Gandhian Sunderlal Bahuguna,

took a 5,000-kilometre trans-Himalaya foot march in 1981–83, spreading the Chipko message
took a 5,000-kilometre trans-Himalaya foot march in 1981–83, spreading the Chipko message

to a far greater area. Gradually, women set up cooperatives to guard local forests, and
to a far greater area. Gradually, women set up cooperatives to guard local forests, and

also organized fodder production at rates conducive to local environment. Next, they
also organized fodder production at rates conducive to local environment. Next, they

joined in land rotation schemes for fodder collection, helped replant degraded land,
joined in land rotation schemes for fodder collection, helped replant degraded land,

and established and ran nurseries stocked with species they selected.
and established and ran nurseries stocked with species they selected.

Participants
Participants

One of Chipko's most salient features was the mass participation of female villagers.
One of Chipko's most salient features was the mass participation of female villagers.

As the backbone of Uttarakhand's Agrarian economy, women were most directly affected
As the backbone of Uttarakhand's Agrarian economy, women were most directly affected

by environmental degradation and deforestation, and thus related to the issues most easily.
by environmental degradation and deforestation, and thus related to the issues most easily.

How much this participation impacted or derived from the ideology of Chipko has been fiercely
How much this participation impacted or derived from the ideology of Chipko has been fiercely

debated in academic circles. Despite this, both female and male activists
debated in academic circles. Despite this, both female and male activists

did play pivotal roles in the movement including Gaura Devi, Sudesha Devi, Bachni Devi, Chandi
did play pivotal roles in the movement including Gaura Devi, Sudesha Devi, Bachni Devi, Chandi

Prasad Bhatt, Sundarlal Bahuguna, Govind Singh Rawat, Dhoom Singh Negi, Shamsher Singh Bisht
Prasad Bhatt, Sundarlal Bahuguna, Govind Singh Rawat, Dhoom Singh Negi, Shamsher Singh Bisht

and Ghanasyam Raturi, the Chipko poet, whose songs echo throughout the Himalayas. Out of
and Ghanasyam Raturi, the Chipko poet, whose songs echo throughout the Himalayas. Out of

which, Chandi Prasad Bhatt was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1982, and Sundarlal
which, Chandi Prasad Bhatt was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1982, and Sundarlal

Bahuguna was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 2009.
Bahuguna was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 2009.

Legacy In Tehri district, Chipko activists would
Legacy In Tehri district, Chipko activists would

go on to protest limestone mining in the Doon Valley in the 1980s, as the movement spread
go on to protest limestone mining in the Doon Valley in the 1980s, as the movement spread

through the Dehradun district, which had earlier seen deforestation of its forest cover leading
through the Dehradun district, which had earlier seen deforestation of its forest cover leading

to heavy loss of flora and fauna. Finally quarrying was banned after years of agitation
to heavy loss of flora and fauna. Finally quarrying was banned after years of agitation

by Chipko activists, followed by a vast public drive for afforestation, which turned around
by Chipko activists, followed by a vast public drive for afforestation, which turned around

the valley, just in time. Also in the 1980s, activists like Bahuguna protested against
the valley, just in time. Also in the 1980s, activists like Bahuguna protested against

construction of the Tehri dam on the Bhagirathi River, which went on for the next two decades,
construction of the Tehri dam on the Bhagirathi River, which went on for the next two decades,

before founding the Beej Bachao Andolan, the Save the Seeds movement, that continues to
before founding the Beej Bachao Andolan, the Save the Seeds movement, that continues to

the present day. Over time, as a United Nations Environment
the present day. Over time, as a United Nations Environment

Programme report mentioned, Chipko activists started "working a socio-economic revolution
Programme report mentioned, Chipko activists started "working a socio-economic revolution

by winning control of their forest resources from the hands of a distant bureaucracy which
by winning control of their forest resources from the hands of a distant bureaucracy which

is only concerned with the selling of forestland for making urban-oriented products.". The
is only concerned with the selling of forestland for making urban-oriented products.". The

Chipko movement became a benchmark for socio-ecological movements in other forest areas of Himachal
Chipko movement became a benchmark for socio-ecological movements in other forest areas of Himachal

Pradesh, Rajasthan and Bihar; in September 1983, Chipko inspired a similar, Appiko movement
Pradesh, Rajasthan and Bihar; in September 1983, Chipko inspired a similar, Appiko movement

in Karnataka state of India, where tree felling in the Western Ghats and Vindhyas was stopped.
in Karnataka state of India, where tree felling in the Western Ghats and Vindhyas was stopped.

In Kumaon region, Chipko took on a more radical tone, combining with the general movement
In Kumaon region, Chipko took on a more radical tone, combining with the general movement

for a separate Uttarakhand state, which was eventually achieved in 2000.
for a separate Uttarakhand state, which was eventually achieved in 2000.

In recent years, the movement not only inspired numerous people to work on practical programmes
In recent years, the movement not only inspired numerous people to work on practical programmes

of water management, energy conservation, afforestation, and recycling, but also encouraged
of water management, energy conservation, afforestation, and recycling, but also encouraged

scholars to start studying issues of environmental degradation and methods of conservation in
scholars to start studying issues of environmental degradation and methods of conservation in

the Himalayas and throughout India. On March 26, 2004, Reni, Laata, and other
the Himalayas and throughout India. On March 26, 2004, Reni, Laata, and other

villages of the Niti Valley celebrated the 30th anniversary of the Chipko Movement, where
villages of the Niti Valley celebrated the 30th anniversary of the Chipko Movement, where

all the surviving original participants united. The celebrations started at Laata, the ancestral
all the surviving original participants united. The celebrations started at Laata, the ancestral

home of Gaura Devi, where Pushpa Devi, wife of late Chipko Leader Govind Singh Rawat,
home of Gaura Devi, where Pushpa Devi, wife of late Chipko Leader Govind Singh Rawat,

Dhoom Singh Negi, Chipko leader of Henwalghati, Tehri Garhwal, and others were celebrated.
Dhoom Singh Negi, Chipko leader of Henwalghati, Tehri Garhwal, and others were celebrated.

From here a procession went to Reni, the neighbouring village, where the actual Chipko action took
From here a procession went to Reni, the neighbouring village, where the actual Chipko action took

place on March 26, 1974. This marked the beginning of worldwide methods to improve the present
place on March 26, 1974. This marked the beginning of worldwide methods to improve the present

situation. Bibliography
situation. Bibliography

Anupam Mishra, Satyendra Tripathi: Chipko movement: Uttarakhand women's bid to save
Anupam Mishra, Satyendra Tripathi: Chipko movement: Uttarakhand women's bid to save

forest wealth. Pub. by People's Action, 1978. J. Bandopadhyay and Vandana Shiva: Chipko:
forest wealth. Pub. by People's Action, 1978. J. Bandopadhyay and Vandana Shiva: Chipko:

India's Civilisational Response to the Forest Crisis. Indian National Trust for Art and
India's Civilisational Response to the Forest Crisis. Indian National Trust for Art and

Cultural Heritage. Pub. by INTACH, 1986. J. Bandopadhyay and Vandana Shiva: "The Chipko
Cultural Heritage. Pub. by INTACH, 1986. J. Bandopadhyay and Vandana Shiva: "The Chipko

Movement Against Limestone Quarrying In Doon Valley" in: Lokayan Bulletin, 5 : 3, 1987,
Movement Against Limestone Quarrying In Doon Valley" in: Lokayan Bulletin, 5 : 3, 1987,

pp. 19–25 online Thomas Weber, Hugging the trees: the story
pp. 19–25 online Thomas Weber, Hugging the trees: the story

of the Chipko movement, Viking, 1988. Somen Chakraborty: A Critique of Social Movements
of the Chipko movement, Viking, 1988. Somen Chakraborty: A Critique of Social Movements

in India: Experiences of Chipko, Uttarakhand, and Fishworkers' Movement, Published by Indian
in India: Experiences of Chipko, Uttarakhand, and Fishworkers' Movement, Published by Indian

Social Institute, 1999. ISBN 81-87218-06-1. Guha, Ramachandra: The Unquiet woods : ecological
Social Institute, 1999. ISBN 81-87218-06-1. Guha, Ramachandra: The Unquiet woods : ecological

change and peasant resistance in the Himalaya, Berkeley, Calif. [etc.] : University of California
change and peasant resistance in the Himalaya, Berkeley, Calif. [etc.] : University of California

Press, Expanded edition 2000. Rangan, Haripriya : Of Myths and movements :
Press, Expanded edition 2000. Rangan, Haripriya : Of Myths and movements :

rewriting Chipko into Himalayan history, London [etc.]: Verso, 2000. ISBN 1-85984-305-0. Excerpts
rewriting Chipko into Himalayan history, London [etc.]: Verso, 2000. ISBN 1-85984-305-0. Excerpts

References
References

Chapter 4 - Hugs the Tree Gandhi today: a report on Mahatma Gandhi's successors, by
Chapter 4 - Hugs the Tree Gandhi today: a report on Mahatma Gandhi's successors, by

Mark Shepard. Published by Shepard Publications, 1987. ISBN 0-938497-04-9.
Mark Shepard. Published by Shepard Publications, 1987. ISBN 0-938497-04-9.

Chapter 4 - The Chipko movement Ecology and the Politics of Survival: Conflicts Over Natural
Chapter 4 - The Chipko movement Ecology and the Politics of Survival: Conflicts Over Natural

Resources in India, by Vandana Shiva. United Nations University Press. Sage Publications.
Resources in India, by Vandana Shiva. United Nations University Press. Sage Publications.

1991. ISBN 0-8039-9672-1. External links
1991. ISBN 0-8039-9672-1. External links

Standing up for trees: Women's role in the Chipko Movement at FAO
Standing up for trees: Women's role in the Chipko Movement at FAO

Resources on Chipko movement Chipko Heritage
Resources on Chipko movement Chipko Heritage

The Chipko movement and women
The Chipko movement and women