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In December 1804, in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Paris, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself
Emperor of the French.
Europe had never seen such a sudden and dramatic rise to power – a son of impoverished Corsican
nobility, to military dictator of France, in little more than 10 years.
Revolution and war had cleared Napoleon’s path to the throne.
War would dominate his ten-year reign: a conflict unprecedented in history, that would leave
millions dead, and a continent in turmoil.
Eight months after Napoleon’s coronation.
The French Empire, and its Spanish ally were at war with Britain, and Napoleon had assembled
an army of 180,000 men along the Channel coast.
But as long as the British Royal Navy ruled the seas, invasion was impossible…
But nor could Britain challenge France on land.
And so British Prime Minister William Pitt tried to build a European coalition against
Napoleon, using diplomacy and gold.
Britain would prove Napoleon’s most steadfast enemy… and its press delighted in relentless
mockery of the French emperor.
Britain and France were old rivals, in Europe and overseas.
But now Pitt feared Napoleon’s conquests had made France too powerful – the French
Emperor had to be defeated, and Europe’s ‘balance of power’ restored, if there
was ever to be lasting peace.
Pitt found willing allies in Europe: among monarchs who despised Napoleon as a product
of the French Revolution, and a dangerous threat to the existing order.
Austria harboured the deepest grievances, having seen her influence in Germany and Italy
steadily eroded by French victories.
The final straw came in May 1804, when Napoleon had also crowned himself King of Italy in
Milan.
Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Naples joined Britain in an alliance known as the Third
Coalition...
And devised an ambitious plan for a series of joint offensives against France.
The main attack would be made by a combined Austro-Russian army, advancing across the
Rhine into France.
But Napoleon got word of their plans, and reacted with typical speed and decision.
He was determined to strike first, before the Allies could join forces, and ordered
his army, now renamed ‘La Grande Armée’, to march to the River Rhine.
His target was the Austrian army of General Mack, which had made a premature advance against
Bavaria, a French ally, and was now dangerously isolated from the other Allied armies.
Napoleon ordered Marshal Murat, his famously flamboyant cavalry commander, to make feint
attacks through the Black Forest – while the rest of his army, advancing at speed,
enveloped Mack’s army from the north.
That summer, Napoleon’s Grande Armée was at its most formidable – well trained, highly
motivated - its regiments at full strength.
What’s more, it had been newly reorganised according to the ‘corps’ system, later
imitated by virtually every army in the world.
Each corps, commanded by a Marshal, was a mini-army of 15 to 30 thousand soldiers, with
its own infantry, cavalry, artillery and supporting arms, such as reconnaissance, engineers and
transport.
This meant each corps could march and fight, for a limited time, independently
… allowing Napoleon to break with the old doctrine, of keeping his army concentrated,
and advance with his corps widely dispersed…
This helped to disguise his real objective, and increased movement speed, because the
army could advance along multiple roads, and ‘live off the land’ – taking its supplies
from scattered villages, rather than relying on slow-moving supply wagons.
When the enemy’s main force was located, the army could quickly concentrate for battle.
This is how Napoleon’s army was able to move at a speed that often surprised and disorientated
his enemies.
Mack didn’t realise the danger he was in until it was too late.
Napoleon’s fast-moving corps crossed the Danube behind him, and surrounded his army.
Mack launched a series of poorly co-ordinated counterattacks… but despite some desperate
fighting, the Austrians couldn’t break out of the trap.
Mack hoped that Kutuzov’s Russian army could arrive in time to save him, but the Russians
were still 160 miles away.
And so at Ulm, on 19th October, just 6 weeks into the war, Mack surrendered his army to
Napoleon.
The French took nearly 60,000 Austrian prisoners, and Napoleon had struck his first devastating
blow against the Coalition.
Russian General Mikhail Kutuzov was an experienced and wary commander, more cautious than Mack.
His army was exhausted after its 900-mile march from Russia.
But hearing of the Austrian surrender at Ulm, and knowing he wasn’t strong enough to face
Napoleon alone, he immediately ordered a retreat.
Napoleon pursued.
The Russians fought several sharp rearguard actions… but could not save the Austrian
capital Vienna, which the French occupied on 12th November.
Kutuzov slipped away to Olmütz, in today’s Czech Republic… where he was joined by reinforcements,
as well as Emperor Alexander of Russia, and Emperor Francis of Austria, in person.
Napoleon was furious that Kutuzov had escaped.
By now his army was also exhausted, and far from home, with winter approaching.
He needed to force a decisive battle, quickly.
Fortunately for him, the overconfident, 27-year-old Russian Emperor sought the glory of battle,
overriding the concerns of his veteran commander, General Kutuzov.
With the Allied army closing in, Napoleon ordered his corps to rapidly concentrate on
a battlefield he’d carefully selected… near the town of Austerlitz.
Napoleon oversaw the dispositions of his army late into the night, then grabbed a few hours’
sleep beside a camp fire.
Dawn would mark the first anniversary of his coronation as Emperor – and promised a battle
that would make or break his young empire.
The morning of 2nd December 1805 was cold and bright, with a heavy mist.
Two armies of near equal size faced each other across a 7 mile wide battlefield.
But the Allies held the high ground of the Pratzen Heights, while French III Corps, under
Marshal Davout, was still marching to the battlefield.
Seeing Napoleon’s thinly-stretched right flank, the Allies planned a large-scale attack
from the Pratzen Heights, to steamroller the French right, before swinging round to envelop
Napoleon’s army.
Little did they know, Napoleon was counting on his weak right wing luring the Allies into
just such a move, whereupon he would launch his own attack on the Pratzen Heights, to
cut the Allied army in half.
His bold plan relied on his correct prediction of Allied movements, the speedy arrival of
Davout’s III Corps on his right, and a perfectly timed counterattack.
The battle began around 7am, as Austrian troops of General Kienmayer’s Advance Guard clashed
with French troops defending the village of Telnitz.
In the face of overwhelming odds, the French fought stubbornly and bravely…
But gradually, they were forced back.
But the Allies, instead of carrying out their great, enveloping attack… did nothing.
The morning mist and the late arrival of orders had led to confusion and delay, and it was
another hour before the first three Allied columns were on the move.
Soon fierce fighting erupted around Sokolnitz village and castle.
Marshal Davout’s corps, which had just force-marched 70 miles in 2 days, now arrived to strengthen
the French right wing.
Around 9am, his lead infantry brigade appeared suddenly through the mist and retook Telnitz…
Before being driven back in turn by Austrian hussars.
Two more of Davout’s brigades reinforced French troops at Sokolnitz.
As the mist began to clear, Napoleon saw that as he’d hoped, the Allied left was moving
off the Pratzen Heights, and he ordered Marshal Soult’s IV Corps to begin its attack.
To the alarm of Allied commanders, two French infantry divisions, until now hidden by the
mist, were suddenly seen advancing straight towards the Allied centre.
General Kutuzov was forced to hurriedly organise a defence of the Heights using troops of IV
Column.
Two hours of bloody fighting followed.
Musket fire was so rapid and furious that both sides were soon low on ammunition, and
turned to the bayonet.
By 11am, the French, with the advantage in training and discipline, had secured the Heights,
and driven a deep wedge into the Allied position.
To the north, a giant cavalry battle developed…
while a Russian force from General Bagration’s Advance Guard captured the village of Bosenitz,
before it was halted by cannon fire from the Santon hill.
A decisive charge by 6 regiments of French heavy cavalry finally drove back the Allies,
allowing Marshal Lannes’ V corps to move forward, and seize Blasowitz and Krug.
Now Grand Duke Constantine, commanding the Russian Imperial Guard, led forward this last
Allied reserve, in a desperate bid to reclaim the Pratzen Heights.
A battalion of the French 4th Line Regiment was charged down by Russian guard cavalry,
losing its Eagle standard in bloody fighting.
Napoleon, who’d moved up to the Heights, sent in in his own Guard cavalry.
In this grim melee between the elite horsemen of both armies, the French finally prevailed.
Napoleon had broken the Allied centre.
Now to close the trap on the Allied left wing, still locked in heavy fighting around Sokolnitz.
Around 2pm, Napoleon ordered four divisions to swing south and cut off their retreat.
General Buxhöwden, commanding the Allied left, only now saw the danger he was in.
Attacked from three sides, the only escape was south…
Many of his troops were forced to flee across frozen ponds.
French artillery opened fire, trying to smash the ice with their cannonballs.
About 200 men and dozens of horses drowned in the freezing water… but not the many
thousands of Napoleon’s propaganda.
The French Emperor had won a brilliant victory.
His army had taken more than 10,000 prisoners, and captured 45 enemy standards.
Thousands of dead and wounded of all sides littered the battlefield, many left untended
for days.
The Battle of the Three Emperors, as it became known, was a crushing blow to the Third Coalition.
As Russian forces retreated back to Russia, Francis I of Austria was forced to accept
a humiliating settlement with France, agreeing to pay a 40-million-franc indemnity, and give
up more territory in exchange for peace.
But meanwhile, news had reached Napoleon of a disastrous Franco-Spanish defeat at sea…
off Cape Trafalgar.
British admiral Lord Nelson, at the cost of his own life, had masterminded a victory so
complete, that it ensured British naval dominance not just for the rest of the war, but for
the next 100 years.
Britain, master of the sea; Napoleon, unbeatable on land.
The whale and the elephant, neither able to challenge the other in its own domain.
When William Pitt received news of Napoleon’s victory at Austerlitz, he’s supposed to
have said, ‘Roll up that map of Europe, it will not be wanted these ten years.’
A month later Pitt was dead, but his warning that Europe faced another 10 years of war
and upheaval… was to prove prophetic…
Napoleon Bonaparte was the ultimate disruptor of European
history – one man who transformed a continent.
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