Constructed more than 85-years ago to protect the low-lying areas of the Netherlands from
flooding, the Afsluitdijk is a true wonder of engineering.
Spanning 32 kilometres and holding back the Wadden Sea, the project was one of the largest
engineering feats of its time and is credited with saving large parts of the country from
catastrophic flooding in 1953.
But while the Afsluitdijk has stood firm for almost a century, rising sea levels and stronger
storms mean that Dutch authorities are now investing USD $617M to strengthen the structure
so it can withstand a one-in-ten-thousand-year storm.
Using 75,000 concrete blocks, constructing new drainage systems and being aided by the
latest technology, this nation-saving seawall is getting a super-sized upgrade.
When works first started in 1927, the construction of the Afsluitdijk was one of the largest
undertakings of its kind anywhere in the world - with more than 36 million cubic metres of
material needed to span the 32-kilometre mouth of the Zuiderzee.
Starting in four locations along the length of the dyke, ships began dredging material
and depositing it directly onto the seafloor until it breached the surface.
Basalt rocks were used to strengthen the dyke and it was raised to its final height with
sand and clay before being topped with grass to hold the surface material together.
Rising 7 metres above sea level and sitting 90 metres wide, the sea wall enabled the construction
of a causeway directly connecting North Holland with Friesland, drastically reducing travel
time between the two provinces.
While the site typically employed four-to-five thousand workers each day, the end of the
project saw 10,000 workers, 27 dredgers, 13 floating cranes and 132 barges work carefully
timed shifts to feverishly close the wall at low tides.
On 28 May 1932 the final gap in the dyke was filled, separating the Netherlands
from the Wadden Sea and creating one of Europe’s largest lakes in the process.
While many minor upgrades and improvements have been made to the dyke in the years since,
rising sea levels and an increase in the frequency and ferocity of storms has left the dyke in
need of major reinforcement - and 2019 saw the start of a major strengthening project.
While raising the height of the Afsluitdijk was considered, this method would use considerably
more material and add significant cost to the project.
Instead, engineers will strengthen the dyke by adding a layer of concrete reinforcing
blocks along its length - resisting erosion and preventing breaches during rough storms.
Each of these blocks will be microchipped to ease the process of tracing and maintaining
them in the future.
Though passive sluice gates were built into the original structure to discharge water
from the lake twice-a-day during low tides, the difference in water level on either side
of the dyke at low tide is no longer enough to allow for sufficient drainage.
To ensure the lake isn’t flooded by the rivers that feed it, two of the largest pumping
stations in Europe will be built alongside the sluice gates.
The dyke’s locks will also be expanded to improve the passage of boats and the A7 causeway
will be widened.
When the Afsluitdijk was first built, little concern was given to the environment or local
habitats that the new structure would be dividing - and the dyke caused a large drop in local
fish populations.
To correct this and encourage biodiversity, a new fish migration river will be built connecting
the two habitats.
The sheer scale of this scheme means that over 500 architects, civil engineers and contractors
are all collaborating throughout the design and pre-construction phases - from different
geographic locations.
When the dyke was first constructed this simply wouldn’t have been possible. Design coordination
would have taken place in person with engineers comparing paper drawings and updating hand-drawn
information as changes were made.
The contrast with today couldn’t be more stark. To avoid mistakes which could cost
time and money if discovered out on the sea wall itself, the team are using Autodesk’s
BIM 360 Model Coordination platform.
Uploading their design models into a shared environment online enabled the team to coordinate
them and run automated clash detection - identifying any errors in the model before works commenced
on site.
This approach also gave the project team greater insight and understanding; improving quality
and speeding up design iterations.
The team also used Autodesk's Assemble software to track, manage and visualize quantity changes
between models, improving efficiency and cutting change management time in half.
The use of a common location online to share and store design information ensures that
engineers and contractors can always access and work from the latest information, further
cutting the risk of errors occurring during construction.
The clever reinforcement of this 1920s sea wall - enabled by 2020’s technology - is
likely to prove a powerful example to other countries in the years ahead as our planet
grapples with a changing climate.
Due to fully complete in 2023 and not require a further major upgrade until at least 2050,
the sea wall that saved a nation is likely to go on protecting it for decades to come.
To learn more about how the Afsluitdijk project team was supported by Autodesk, click the
link below.
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