In medieval times,
alchemists tried to achieve the seemingly impossible.
They wanted to transform lowly lead into gleaming gold.
History portrays these people as aged eccentrics,
but if only they'd known that their dreams were actually achievable.
Indeed, today we can manufacture gold on Earth
thanks to modern inventions
that those medieval alchemists missed by a few centuries.
But to understand how this precious metal
became embedded in our planet to start with,
we have to gaze upwards at the stars.
Gold is extraterrestrial.
Instead of arising from the planet's rocky crust,
it was actually cooked up in space
and is present on Earth because of cataclysmic stellar explosions
called supernovae.
Stars are mostly made up of hydrogen, the simplest and lightest element.
The enormous gravitational pressure of so much material
compresses and triggers nuclear fusion in the star's core.
This process releases energy from the hydrogen,
making the star shine.
Over many millions of years,
fusion transforms hydrogen into heavier elements:
helium, carbon, and oxygen,
burning subsequent elements faster and faster to reach iron and nickel.
However, at that point nuclear fusion no longer releases enough energy,
and the pressure from the core peters out.
The outer layers collapse into the center,
and bouncing back from this sudden injection of energy,
the star explodes forming a supernova.
The extreme pressure of a collapsing star is so high,
that subatomic protons and electrons are forced together in the core,
forming neutrons.
Neutrons have no repelling electric charge
so they're easily captured by the iron group elements.
Multiple neutron captures enable the formation of heavier elements
that a star under normal circumstances can't form,
from silver to gold,
past lead and on to uranium.
In extreme contrast to the million year transformation of hydrogen to helium,
the creation of the heaviest elements in a supernova
takes place in only seconds.
But what becomes of the gold after the explosion?
The expanding supernova shockwave propels its elemental debris
through the interstellar medium,
triggering a swirling dance of gas and dust
that condenses into new stars and planets.
Earth's gold was likely delivered this way
before being kneaded into veins by geothermal activity.
Billions of years later, we now extract this precious product by mining it,
an expensive process that's compounded by gold's rarity.
In fact, all of the gold that we've mined in history
could be piled into just three Olympic-size swimming pools,
although this represents a lot of mass
because gold is about 20 times denser than water.
So, can we produce more of this coveted commodity?
Actually, yes.
Using particle accelerators, we can mimic the complex nuclear reactions
that create gold in stars.
But these machines can only construct gold atom by atom.
So it would take almost the age of the universe to produce one gram
at a cost vastly exceeding the current value of gold.
So that's not a very good solution.
But if we were to reach a hypothetical point
where we'd mined all of the Earth's buried gold,
there are other places we could look.
The ocean holds an estimated 20 million tons of dissolved gold
but at extremely miniscule concentrations making its recovery too costly at present.
Perhaps one day, we'll see gold rushes to tap the mineral wealth
of the other planets of our solar system.
And who knows?
Maybe some future supernova will occur close enough
to shower us with its treasure
and hopefully not eradicate all life on Earth in the process.