After witnessing the violent rage shown by babies
whenever deprived of an item they considered their own,
Jean Piaget, a founding father of child psychology,
observed something profound about human nature.
Our sense of ownership emerges incredibly early.
Why are we so clingy?
There's a well-established phenomenon in psychology
known as the endowment effect
where we value items much more highly just as soon as we own them.
In one famous demonstration,
students were given a choice between a coffee mug
or a Swiss chocolate bar
as a reward for helping out with research.
Half chose the mug, and half chose the chocolate.
That is, they seemed to value the two rewards similarly.
Other students were given a mug first
and then a surprise chance to swap it for a chocolate bar,
but only 11% wanted to.
Yet another group started out with chocolate,
and most preferred to keep it rather than swap.
In other words, the students nearly always put greater value
on whichever reward they started out with.
Part of this has to do with how quickly we form connections
between our sense of self and the things we consider ours.
That can even be seen at the neural level.
In one experiment, neuroscientists scanned participants' brains
while they allocated various objects either to a basket labeled "mine,"
or another labeled, "Alex's."
When participants subsequently looked at their new things,
their brains showed more activity
in a region that usually flickers into life
whenever we think about ourselves.
Another reason we're so fond of our possessions
is that from a young age we believe they have a unique essence.
Psychologists showed us this by using an illusion
to convince three to six-year-olds they built a copying machine,
a device that could create perfect replicas of any item.
When offered a choice between their favorite toy
or an apparently exact copy,
the majority of the children favored the original.
In fact, they were often horrified at the prospect of taking home a copy.
This magical thinking about objects isn't something we grow out of.
Rather it persists into adulthood while becoming ever more elaborate.
For example, consider the huge value placed on items
that have been owned by celebrities.
It's as if the buyers believed the objects they'd purchased
were somehow imbued with the essence of their former celebrity owners.
For similar reasons, many of us are reluctant to part with family heirlooms
which help us feel connected to lost loved ones.
These beliefs can even alter our perception of the physical world
and change our athletic abilities.
Participants in a recent study were told they were using a golf putter
once owned by the champion Ben Curtis.
During the experiment,
they perceived the hole as being about a centimeter larger
than controlled participants using a standard putter
and they sank slightly more putts.
Although feelings of ownership emerge early in life, culture also plays a part.
For example, it was recently discovered that Hadza people of northern Tanzania
who are isolated from modern culture
don't exhibit the endowment effect.
That's possibly because they live in an egalitarian society
where almost everything is shared.
At the other extreme, sometimes our attachment to our things can go too far.
Part of the cause of hoarding disorder is an exaggerated sense of responsibility
and protectiveness toward one's belongings.
That's why people with this condition find it so difficult to throw anything away.
What remains to be seen today
is how the nature of our relationship with our possessions
will change with the rise of digital technologies.
Many have forecast the demise of physical books and music,
but for now, at least, this seems premature.
Perhaps there will always be something uniquely satisfying
about holding an object in our hands and calling it our own.