In this video we’ll explore the world’s fastest improving new solar technology,
and provide an exclusive peek inside the lab of a team working on this breakthrough material.
Right now, while you’re watching this video, a giant fusion reactor 93 million miles away is
irradiating the earth with about as much energy as all of human civilization uses in a year.
So why aren’t we harnessing this abundant,
renewable energy source to meet all of humanity's energy needs?
It’s not an issue of physical impossibility, “If you wanted to power the entire U.S.
with solar panels, it would take a fairly small corner of Nevada or Texas or Utah.
You only need about 100 miles by 100 miles of solar panels to power the entire United States"
Currently, only 2% of global electricity comes from solar power. And 90% of that,
comes from crystalline silicon-based solar panels, the dominant material technology.
While abundant, silicon has downsides related to efficiency,
manufacturing complexity, and pollution that prevent it from being an absolute no brainer.
Now what if I told you about a material that was lighter,
more efficient, and simpler to produce at a lower cost?
An inexpensive solution that can make a photovoltaic cell so thin,
that just half a cup of liquid would be enough to power a house? A solar panel so lightweight,
that it can be balanced atop a soap bubble.
Well, that folks, is known as the holy grail of solar, They’re called Perovskites,
and they might just revolutionize how humans generate energy from sunlight .
We headed to silicon valley to meet Joel Jean, the CEO of Swift Solar,
one of the leading teams working to bring Perovskite solar technology to light.
It's a new kind of thin film technology. So you've probably heard of that for a long time, different
kinds of thin films have come and gone over the years. What we do here is a new kind of material.
It's called perovskites, a new semiconductor material that absorbs light really effectively,
also transports charge. So it just turns out to be very efficient material for solar cells.
Solar cell technologies can be classified into two categories, wafer-based or thin-film cells.
Wafer-based cells are fabricated on semiconducting wafers,
and are usually protected by a material like glass. These are the crystalline
silicon cells you’ll typically find on bulky roof mounted solar panels.
Thin-film cells are made by depositing thin layers of semiconducting films onto a glass, plastic,
or metal substrate, and use 10 to 1000 times less material than crystalline silicon cells.
These thin-film cells are light and flexible, but have lower average efficiencies.
You can make thin film cells from amorphous silicon, or more complex
materials like Cadmium Telluride, but scientists have been on the hunt for
better thin-film solar technologies that can see more widespread use.
These materials are known as “emerging thin films”
Currently, Perovskites are the leading contender.
What could you do with a solar panel with 100 times
the power-to-weight performance of conventional silicon panels?
A solar material so abundant, it could be painted on skyscrapers.
Flexible, lightweight, highly efficient cells could open up a wide
range of applications where traditional silicon cells are too heavy and rigid.
But before we cover your Tesla model S plaid in perovskite solar,
what exactly is this revolutionary crystal?
The Perovskite crystal structure was first discovered as the naturally
occurring mineral calcium titanium oxide.
But the Perovskites used in solar cells don’t need to be mined from the earth.
A perovskite is any material with a crystal structure following the formula ABX3.
Where 'A' and 'B' are two positively charged ions, often of different sizes,
and X is a negatively charged ion.
Scientists realized that they could create a diverse range of man made perovskite crystals,
following this same arrangement, that have very useful properties.
So we use basic, you know, metal halide salts, so things like lead iodide or some some organic
salts as well. And we combine them to make these inorganic organic,
hybrid perovskites. So if you can form them in solution, you can form them out of,
in vacuum out of vapor phase. And they condense into forming these perovskite crystals.
And the thin films, they're like multi-crystalline, which means that
there's a bunch of little crystal domains, they turn out just to be really good semiconductors.
So just how efficient are perovskite solar cells?
The most efficient modern silicon solar panels you’d find on a home only work at best around 20%
efficiency, but the theoretical conversion efficiency of single junction solar technologies
is about 33%, called the Shockley-Queisser limit.
That’s the fundamental limit for a single solar cell singles
material based solar cell. Perovskites are the exact same thing. Silicon,
perovskites, cadmium telluride, CIGS, all of these technologies have the same limit.
But perovskite solar cells can be made in a form factor that’s capable of
much higher efficiency limits, pushing the boundaries of possibility for solar power.
To understand why perovskites hold an advantage over traditional silicon solar cells,
let’s first do a basic refresh of how photovoltaic cells convert sunlight to electricity.
The top and bottom parts of a solar cell contain semiconductor
materials with different electrical properties.
In a traditional silicon cell for example, silicon is used for both layers, but each layer is
modified or “doped” with tiny amounts of different elements to create different electrical charges.
The portion that contains a higher concentration of free negatively-charged electrons is called
the n-type region, and the side that contains more positively charged holes,
or missing electrons, is known as the p-type region.
The boundary between these two layers is known as the p-n junction. When an n-type and a p-type
material are put in contact, free electrons from the n-type material and free holes from the p-type
material move across the boundary and cancel each other out. The electrons fill in the holes.
This uncovers the fixed positive and negative charges of the dopant ions, which creates a
built-in electric field that stops more electrons and holes from moving across the boundary. This
electric field corresponds to a built-in voltage and acts like a one-way valve for charge carriers.
The fundamental unit of light is the photon, which represents the
smallest packet of electromagnetic radiation of a given wavelength.
When a photon from sunlight hits a solar cell and gets absorbed,
it creates an extra free electron and hole, which are separated by the electric field
and pulled to opposite sides of the cell. This creates a photocurrent.
If electrodes are attached to both sides of the cell,
forming an electrical circuit, an electric current will flow as long as the sun is shining.
The magic of perovskite crystals lies in their customizability.
Single junction solar cells can only absorb a portion of the solar spectrum
depending on what semiconductor material they use.
The lowest energy of light that can be absorbed in a semiconductor is called its band gap.
A semiconductor will not absorb photons of energy less than the band gap;
and the useful energy that can be extracted from a photon is no more than the band gap energy.
This means much of the energy in sunlight goes to waste when it hits a single junction solar cell,
but because the band gap of perovskites can be easily changed, you can stack perovskite layers
on top of each other that are chemically tuned to absorb different parts of the solar spectrum.
This results in a solar cell with multiple p-n junctions that can produce electricity
from a broader range of light wavelengths or extract more energy from each photon,
improving the cell's efficiency.
So when you stack two solar cells on top of each other, that's called a tandem,
or a multi junction solar cell. And when you do that,
that actually pushes that efficiency limit up from 30% to over 40, about 45 and 46%
Theoretically, an infinite number of junctions would
have a limiting efficiency of 86.8% under highly concentrated sunlight.
and it goes higher with more layers, but it also becomes more expensive and you get
diminishing returns. So generally, we talked about doing two layers or making a tandem,
and that that's kind of the the real selling point of perovskites.
So perovskite tandems convert more of the sun’s energy into electricity, rather than
wasting it as excess heat. So what are the exact efficiency percentages we’re talking about here?
we shouldn't expect solar cells above 40% efficiency,
this kind of solar cell for a long, long time. I think in theory, it could get there. But
realistically I think in the 30’s is is doable, which is still a substantial jump from,
you know, what you see out there on the market today
It’s not just performance that’s improved. The
nature of Perovskites allow for manufacturing advantages too.
So you only need less than 1% of this material that you need for a silicon cell
to absorb all the sunlight. So in theory, you can save money, you can basically make this
stuff a lot cheaper. The cool thing about the perovskites is that they turn out even though
it's made of this kind of not perfect material, you can actually make a very, very efficient solar
cell. It's formed at low temperatures. Silicon, usually you have to crystallize that something
like 1400 degrees Celsius, with perovskites, you can form it at less than 100 degrees Celsius.
So that means that you can actually use smaller equipment, and you can kind of use
more standard chemical processes. And you can form the solar cells on things like plastics,
so things that would melt under high temperatures you can actually
use to make solar cells on. So you can make something really lightweight and flexible as well.
Perovskite Thin films can be made by synthesizing a solar ink of sorts, and gently heating it until
the perovskites crystallize, just like salt crystals emerging from evaporating sea water.
Now let’s go deeper into the lab, to take a rare and exclusive sneak
peak behind the scenes to see how Perovskite solar cells are made.
Yeah, so this guy is called a thermal evaporator. So it's, it's one of many kinds of deposition
tools that we use to, to put down thin films. So when you look at a perovskite solar cell,
it's like any other thin film device like an organic LED, or a cadmium telluride solar cell,
it's got a lot of thin film semiconductor layers. And one of the ways you deposit some
of those layers, is using techniques like thermal evaporation, where you heat up a source material,
maybe it's silver, or maybe it's a precursor for one of your semiconductors. And you melt it,
you evaporate it and then you have a cold surface that you condense on. And that cold
surface is actually just at room temperature. It's a plastic sheet or a glass sheet,
or even a silicon wafer that you're trying to deposit a film on.
The substrate sits at the very top of the chamber. It's under high vacuum and you again
evaporate this material and it condenses and forms this uniform thin film and you
do that many many times with different kinds of techniques. And that gets you your solar cell.
You can also make perovskite cells with spin-coating, screen printing,
electrodeposition or even printing the material on a sheet just like an inkjet printer.
Here is the end result, a small rectangular perovskite solar cell.
So this is the side that’s facing the sun, correct, and this is the back of the cell?
Yeah, the side facing the sun is actually you're looking through the glass. And on the other side
of that glass, there's a perovskite layer, kind of sandwiched between the contacts. So the contacts
are, what pull the charge out of the perovskite. So there's a transparent conductor on that on the
close the side closest to us. Then there's the perovskite. And then on the other side,
if you look at it from you know, from the backside, there's these silver electrodes.
It can be any different kinds of metals. But that side doesn't have to be transparent because you
actually want the light to reflect back into the semiconductor not go through.
These solar cells are just lab samples designed to test different perovskite formulas.
And you can see that these different pads, each of these squares is a solar cell.
So we have six different solar cells on one substrate for for r&d purposes, for testing.
Swift solar is trying to create a perovskite solar
cell with the perfect mix of longevity and efficiency ready for commercialization.
So how do you test the cells if it’s a cloudy day? The sun can be quite unreliable,
even in California.
We actually use this, this machine right here. So this is a it's a, it's called a solar simulator.
So it's actually just a fake sun. It's it's an LED array that basically has all the colors basically,
it has a lot of different colors of LEDs something like 20 Different
LED colors in an array with optics to make it really uniform. So the idea is here we don't want
to have to take our solar cells outdoors and test you know if it's raining we can't test our cells.
what are these here. Are these the circuit boards that the solar panels,
that measure the voltage and the solar panel sit on top of them?
Yeah, measure the voltage and current. So this is you can kind of see this, it's the same shape
and it's got a bunch of pads on there. And each of those like are basically leads to pull out current
or measure. yeah, to measure voltage, so or apply voltage. So you can see we can do 20 of these at
once. And it basically automatically moves around to test the cells, each of them individually.
Perovskites have improved greatly since scientists first began testing them, and are now beginning
to surpass mono and poly crystalline silicon cells in conversion efficiency.
As perovskites start coming into commercial usage, where are we most likely to see them first?
All the traditional solar applications. On your rooftop, out in the field somewhere,
in the desert, on commercial rooftops, on residential rooftops, like those are all fair game
down the line. Perovskites aren't ready for that kind of, you know, primetime yet, the stability is
still challenged, like you're getting them to last for 25 years, we can't No one can say that yet,
confidently, we don't have the field data to prove that. So there's a lot of engineering
work and science to be done to get to that point. But there's a lot of applications where you don't
need 25 year life, right, like a car maybe only needs 10 or 15 years. There's things like high
altitude drones, right, which are going to be fully powered by solar, you know, they're flying
the stratosphere at 65,000 feet beaming down internet. So that kind of thing is needs very,
very lightweight solar needs very efficient solar, it doesn't need to a 25 year life, you maybe only
need a couple years, five years. So that kind of thing you can imagine being powered by perovskites
very soon, same with solar wristwatches or small IoT Internet of Things, devices. A lot
of these kinds of mobile applications where you can imagine perovskites kind of coming into the
market and then eventually improving towards the rooftop, towards the utility scale applications.
So what exactly are the challenges that are preventing perovskites
from dominating the solar energy landscape, and changing everything?
we've spent a lot of time in this lab actually working on the challenges of developing this
technology to a point where it's ready for, for production and for scale up. There's things like
stability, which is probably the core problem for perovskites is, how do you make these cells
last effectively, for years in the field, under high temperatures, a car roof might get up to 80
degrees Celsius, right or more on a hot day. So you need to be able to like survive those
temperatures for years at a time. And I think we tried to do we do a lot of tests to and iteration
on the materials on the device stack, the stack of materials we use on the design of the device
itself on the packaging, to make sure that we can survive those kinds of temperatures,
high humidities, the different kinds of environments you face outdoors.
The relative fragility of the perovskite material requires protection to shield this semiconductor
layer from environmental stresses and degradation.
The international standards for terrestrial solar
panels require harsh testing that simulates 25 years of being outside.
In these tests panels are heated up and even battered with simulated hailstones.
The problem with perovskites is that they’re still relatively new. We can subject them to these
harsh simulated tests that give us a pretty good idea of their longevity, but we just don’t have
the real world data yet like we do for silicon panels, which have been in use for decades now.
While perovskites are still in the research & development phase of the technology life cycle,
there are many teams all over the world working on
improving their efficiency and stability to bring them into commercial adoption.
The raw materials for perovskites are abundant around the world,
and the solar cells can be made using relatively simple manufacturing processes.
This means that Perovskites can rapidly scale when they’re ready for mass market commercialization.
It’s estimated that Perovskite panels could cost up to 15 times less per
watt than modern commercial silicon solar panels.
In addition, engineered perovskite materials absorb all parts of the solar spectrum
efficiently to produce the highest possible power output and Ultra-thin films open the
door to new product formats with unprecedented power-to-weight ratios and high flexibility.
A future with cheap, abundant solar power could open the door for a variety of use
cases where current photovoltaic technology does not yet make sense.
How about these electric yachts I’ve filmed for previous Electric Future videos. Their range could
be radically improved with higher efficiency, lightweight, integrated perovskite solar panels.
We could see integrated Solar panels on trucks, buses and cars and any other
applications where sunlight is not yet considered energy-dense enough to provide meaningful power.
Imagine buildings covered in transparent
photovoltaic glass windows that generate electricity.
It’s difficult to predict the future of solar. While perovskites are promising, serious
researchers avoid playing favorites. Instead, they view all technologies objectively based on
increased efficiency, reduced materials usage, and reduced manufacturing complexity and cost.
Solar photovoltaics are the fastest-growing energy technology in the world today and a leading
candidate for terawatt-scale, carbon-free electricity generation in our lifetime.
If you’d like to better understand some of the concepts we presented in this video,
it's important to first learn the fundamentals of solar energy.
Brilliant does a great job of taking complicated science and breaking it
down into bite sized pieces with fun and challenging interactive explorations.
Master concepts, grasp the fundamental principles,
and develop your intuition so you can truly understand these breakthrough technologies.
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