Hi. It's Mr. Andersen and this is AP Physics essentials video 1. It is on objects and systems.
If we were to take something like a tennis ball, could you figure out if it is an object
or a system? The right answer is yes. It is both an object and a system. And it depends
on what question we are trying to answer. So if that tennis ball is a projectile and
we are studying projectile motion, the internal structure of the tennis ball is not relevant
to the question we are trying to solve. We are just angling the shot of the tennis ball
and figuring out how far it goes. And so we can treat the tennis ball as a single object.
However, if we were to look at the synthetic rubber that makes up the tennis ball and how
its elasticity changes at different temperatures, then it is more important to treat that as
a system made up of a bunch of atoms and understanding how those atoms behave at different temperatures
would be relevant to the problem that we are trying to solve. And so a system is made up
of two or more objects that are connected together in some way. Now if the internal
structure of that overall system is not important we can just treat that whole system as an
object. And so what is an object? It is anything that has no internal structure or no relevant
internal structure. Now you might think as we look smaller and smaller in the world of
physics, as we get down to the level of atoms then everything must be an object. But what
scientists have discovered is if you breakdown atoms we get particles inside those small
particles. Those are electrons, protons and neutrons. Some of these are what are called
fundamental and some are not. So when an electron is a fundamental particle. What does that
mean? You can not breakdown an electron into other parts. At least no parts that we have
discovered yet. And so we treat it as a fundamental particle. A single object. Protons and neutrons
are actually made up of other fundamental particles. And so a proton is made up of two
up quarks and one down quark. And a neutron is made up of two down quarks and one up quark.
And depending on the question that we are trying to answer, these parts inside those
protons and neutrons made be relevant to the problem we are trying to solve. For example
the charge of a proton and a neutron comes from its constituent parts. And so in physics
we are going to study matter through space and time at all these different levels. And
so since we are studying matter it is important that we understand a base unit on what matter
is made up of. And when we are solving problems you have to understand what is an object and
what is a system. And so in other words this hot air balloon could be treated as an object
if we are looking at buoyancy but if we are studying the kinetic energy of the molecules
we have to treat it as a system. And so a system is a collection of different objects.
And so this atwood machine here is made of two weights and then it is made up of a pulley.
And so we can treat that as a system. And each of those weights is treated as an individual
object. But if we were to zoom in to that one weight that also can act as a system.
It is made up of a mostly iron atoms. And that iron atom in turn is made up of subatomic
particles, electrons, protons and neutrons. And if we break those protons and neutrons
apart we find quarks on the inside of that. And so understanding all of the parts, depending
on what question we are trying to answer may become important. So let's talk about charge
for example. And so here are three fundamental particles. We've got an up quark, a down quark
and and electron, which is also a fundamental particle. And so if we want to figure out
where the charge of a proton, for example, comes from we could look at the charge of
each of these quarks. The charge of an up quark is two-thirds the charge of an electron.
And so it is two-thirds positive charge. A down is negative one-third charge of an electron.
So if we want to figure out the overall charge of a proton, what do we do? Well let's add
up the the charge of those two up quarks. So that is two-thirds plus two-thirds or four-thirds.
And then we have to subtract the one-third of the down quark. And so if we subtract one-third
from four-thirds we get three-thirds or a positive 1 charge of a proton. If we were
looking at the neutron for example, that is one up, which is going to be 1 two-thirds
charge, positive charge minus 2 one-third down charges. And so that is why a neutron
has no charge. And so if we are trying to figure out the charge of these particles then
the fundamental particles become important. And so did you learn the difference between
a system and an object? Again it depends on what question we are trying to answer. Are
the parts of the tennis ball important? If so then we must treat it as a system. If not,
we can treat it as an object. And I hope that was helpful.