Hello, my name is Stan Prokopenko and welcome to Proko! This is the second part of the Intro
to Muscles Lesson.
Let’s take a step back and look at what a muscle actually is. There’re two parts,
the belly of the muscle, and the tendons. We’ll start with the belly.
Belly of the Muscle
The belly is comprised of muscle fibers. They usually follow the axis of the muscle, though
there are exceptions. More on that in a minute. Muscle fibers group into bundles, which can
be seen on the surface form, usually when the muscle is active.
Here’s something cool. Wrinkles and skin folds always happen in the perpendicular direction
to the muscle fibers.
Pop quiz! The muscle of your forehead lifts your eyebrows and causes horizontal creases
across your forehead. What direction is the muscle fiber?
[Skelly Calculator Scene]
It’s vertical… The muscle fibers are vertical.
When you flex a muscle, it’s the belly of the muscle that shortens, not the tendons.
And when you stretch, it’s the belly of the muscle that you’re stretching, not the
tendons. Tendons have their own thing going on.
Tendons
they do have personality. The shape, length, and thickness varies from tendon to tendon.
Tendons are thick enough that they’ll add mass to the surface form. They can appear
as these long tubes that we typically think of as tendons. When nearby muscles are bulging
out, tendons appear as slightly recessed planes. These forms can help you identify where a
muscle is.
By the way, “tendons” are made of the same fibrous tissue as ligaments and fasciae,
but “ligaments” attach a bone to a bone and “fasciae” attach a muscle to a muscle.
An aponeurosis is a special type of tendon that’s large and thin. For artists, that
means that it won’t obscure the form of the muscles beneath it. For example, your
lower back is actually covered by your lat’s aponeurosis, but you’d never know, because
aponeurosis...es…are so thin, and the forms of the deeper muscles show through.
Sometimes tendons are embedded inside the belly of the muscle, which is called a tendinous
intersection. All of the divisions on the rectus abdominis that cut out the 6-pack are
a result of these tendinous intersections.
What’s interesting is... the length of a muscle belly versus the length of the tendon
varies from person to person. Bodies with proportionately longer muscle fibers tend
to look more graceful. Even if the individual is very muscular, the muscles appear to curve
in and out in elegant, slender slopes. Longer tendons means that the muscle mass has to
be shorter, so muscles appear as abrupt protrusions and depressions. The overall look is bulky
with contours that look like a mountain range.
Here's an example of a superhero with longer muscles. And here's an example of the same
superhero with shorter muscles.
Muscle Groups
We’re almost done! To wrap up this intro to muscles, I’m going to give you a tip
for simplifying muscles in your drawings. Muscles nearby each other that have the same
function can be grouped together, like how we group the “quads” in the leg. Although
technically four individual muscles, they all have a similar function, so they’re
all at rest at the same time. And when they rest, they blend together and appear as one
form. Muscle groups are separated from each other by a soft surface furrow.
Types of muscle… available in the premium section. If you’d like to learn about the
8 types of muscles found throughout the body, head on over to proko.com/anatomy. Get the
premium anatomy course for access to the extended videos, 3d models, and more drawing demonstrations.
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