We have previously discussed how even the mainstream sees stars forming along filaments.
We know from EU theory that these stars are born in the pinches of these filaments.
We also suspect that these stars will tend to move away from the highest current density
areas of the filament as they settle down to become a more normal star.
I have often wondered what mechanism could cause this.
When we look at our own Solar System we suspect that all the gas giants are captured brown dwarfs
and I wondered by what mechanism could a star be ejected from a filament. Wal kindly sent me over
this mainstream paper which could potentially hold the key to explaining both of these.
Filament structures have been identified in the interstellar medium for well over a century. What
is most remarkable about these structures is that they have an undulating form and a very uniform
width. As early as 1905 Bernard wondered what might cause this incredible uniformity. Nowadays
the mainstream explanation is related to magnetic fields and gravitational potential energy.
Many cosmological simulations have demonstrated that gravity alone can
produce these filament structures but these never have the twisting and turning structures
observed in these filaments. So gravity alone cannot explain their structure of creation.
More interesting is that these filaments seem to contain what are considered protostars.
Astronomers consider these to be stars that have recently formed.
When we examine the Orion A filament then we now know it is enveloped in a helical magnetic field
and these help to explain the filament structure. These types of magnetic fields
are generated primarily by currents moving along the filaments and the continuous flow
helps maintain the filament structure. These observations by Heiles of the
Orion Nebula constitute a smoking gun and polarizations measurements by Matthews & Wilson
provide information in a second dimension that confirms this picture.
Now this should come as no surprise to you. Filaments that have a current,
a magnetic field and contain newly formed stars is exactly what the electric universe postulates.
One question that I have often asked is how can a star’s output be affected over its lifetime.
Is it possible that a star could wander from the centre of the filament?
Could it even be possible that stars can be ejected out of this filament all together?
In a paper by Amelia Stutz and Andrew Gould
they address exactly these questions by studying the Orion A cloud filaments.
They examined the filament in the Orion A cloud and found the following key features:
The protostars almost all sit on narrow gas-column ridges, while the stars are
either more broadly distributed near the ridges, or are displaced from the ridges altogether
The gas, protostars, and stars all have highest density along integral shaped filaments (ISF)
There is a strong knot of stars, NGC 1977, just north of ISF, which is almost devoid of gas,
and which they dub the orphan cluster There is tenuous gas ghost filament
extending west and then northwest from the northern tip of the ISF
They discovered that there were essentially no stars that sit directly on the gas column ridges.
This, they reason, means that rather than the stars collapse and use up all of the surrounding
gas to form the star they are ejected from the filament ending this phase of their development.
Since the stars they do observe once used to be protostars,
they had to be previously in this filament. This would only be possible if either the
stars or the filament have accelerated between the protostar phase and their present position.
If the gas was not accelerating, there would be no way to accelerate the stars,
since the line density of protostars and space density of stars are at least an
order of magnitude too low to induce transverse motions of the required amplitude. This means
the only possibility is that the filament itself is undergoing this acceleration.
The orphan cluster lying just north must have formed out of the filamentary cloud,
just like the other stars. The overall picture is of repeated episodes of star cluster formation,
each triggered by a transverse wave that propagates northward
through the filament. Each episode ends in a violent contraction of the filament
at its northern end, which both ignites an episode of star formation
and then disperses the loose end of the filament that formerly connected Orion A and Orion B.
By examining the relative velocity of the population of stars they were able
to confirm this concept and saw that protostars had substantially lower specific kinetic energy
compared to nascent stars which have received a substantial kick somewhere in their journey
from proto stellar and stellar phase.
They argue that the slingshot arises specifically because the magnetic fields in this region
are subcritical leading to instabilities of two types. The first on the scale of the filament as a
whole, there are global instabilities that result in a transverse wave. THe second is where there
are local pinching instabilities that generate repeated episodes of rapid star formation.
Protostars form along the filament and are initially accelerated transversely with the
filament as it undergoes transverse oscillations. This continues as long as the protostar remains
below a certain mass. Eventually the mass of the protostar grows and becomes too great
and its inertia will prevent the protostar from following the movement of the filament.
At this point they continue to move with whatever transverse velocity the filament
had at the time of decoupling, while the filament continues to oscillate.
They also think that the instability that causes the formation of the wave
is long lived and would exist for many episodes of star formation.
Further south from this is L1641 which shares the same large scale potential as the ISF
but it does not exhibit transverse wave morphology and it is not forming stars at a rapid rate.
In their view L1641 therefore represents a first stage of star formation,
characterised by straight, magnetically supercritical filaments with low star formation
rates. The ISF represents a second stage, characterised by higher star formation rates
and driven by magnetic instabilities that give rise to transverse waves.
There are a number of aspects that are important to consider from this paper.
The first is obviously the fact that this mainstream article is referring to currents
that must flow along this filament which causes the pinching instabilities along it.
Second, they see this as a mechanism to bring the gas
together to cause the star formation rather than simply through a gravitational collapse.
Third that this filament is actually not stationary but is moving
and it is this motion that causes the eventual ejection of the newly formed stars.
Now they do see this as a short lived process whereby the gas is eventually used up rather
than the idea that these filaments might actually connect to other larger structures.
It is important to realise that what they do see is a significant increase in the
density of the filament towards the centre falling off as you move away from the centre.
If we examine the filament we see that it would appear to be highly active,
with large parts of the most active regions clearly visible and in glow mode.
Further to the south it is not hard to see the continuation of the filament
with stars located near the central spine but some distance away.
This paper does raise some interesting questions about how stars are formed.
In the electric universe these are caused by pinch instabilities in the filament
which is exactly what we are seeing here.
This would appear to paint a picture that newly forming filaments or perhaps only the central
part of a very active filament can initiate these instabilities throughout the length of part of it
forming new stars and that this process of instability also causes the movement of this
filament leading to the eventual ejection out of the central part of the filament.
There seems to be a critical mass that a star must reach before the ejection process occurs.
This may mean that these newly created stars living at the heart of a pinch are in fact
very rare and most stars are therefore always offset from this central axis.
This may well explain why stars would appear to undergo changes in their appearance.
As they move further from the centre of the filament the current density would continue
to drop causing changes to the size and colour of stars. This may even explain
how stars could be ejected entirely from a filament, and subsequently captured by other
systems and may explain the curious case of the disappearing stars I covered last year.
One important distinction to make is that in the mainstream model this filament is a medium
term event. As stars form they use up the plasma in the filament until it is all used up. In the
electric universe these filaments are structures that connect all parts of the galaxy together just
like a root system. This means that this filament is experiencing a much higher load than normal.
This results in the formation of pinches along this filament forming new stars.
Some local conditions might also be responsible for causing this to occur.
One question this raises is if this is a rare event that generally only
occurs when filaments do not have many stars within them?
Do the existing stars provide enough of a load to allow the energy of such an increase to be
dissipated in a different way? Or could this occur in a more populated filament at any time?
One other consideration is that of the overall size of the filament. Is what we see in the images
just really the central part of the filament and where the stars end up being ejected to is
still very much part of the overall filament just further from the central axis where the highest
current density would exist? When we look at Don Scott’s model this is what we would expect to see.
A related question to this is whether this pinching effect and the formation of stars
is always accompanied by this wandering of the filament.
Is it possible to get pinches forming along a filament without the wandering? In this
example we are dealing with many pinches forming along the filament.
Is the movement of the filament something that only happens when the current density is high
enough to create these types of instabilities or is something that scales with current density, so
in essence it will always move some small amount but only with larger current densities could it
be enough to eject stars? What effect would this have on the existing stars within the filament?
If we look at what we speculate is the configuration for our filament wrapped around
Arcturus can we imagine that all of these stars were created in pinching along the central axis
of Arcturus? Initially as the current density was very high the stars were ejected outwards
and would end up moving out towards the first shell which would have more of an azimuthal
component causing them to start moving around the central axis. As the current density starts
to fall the movement of the filament reduces enough to stop the ejection process leaving a what
appears as a stream of stars with a lower current density exactly like the Arcturus star stream?
There is much to digest here and many questions that this raises.