again I'm Adam welcome back to ink
vidcom today I have a very important
lesson I think for all of you that will
help you very much with your reading but
especially your writing skills okay
today we're going to look at the
sentence what is a sentence now I know
that obvious on you well we know what a
sentence is we've learned this a
thousand times before right I know what
you've learned and I know what you
haven't learned many of you some of you
have of course the sentence has a very
basic structure there's a very basic
component that must be involved and
included in a sentence and a lot of
grammar teachers a lot of English
teachers don't teach this okay all of
you I'm sure have by now heard of SVO
but have you heard of SVHC have you
heard of SVC maybe yes maybe no but I'm
sure a lot of you are going what never
heard of these things before well we're
going to talk about this in one second
before we talk about a sentence we have
to talk about a clause now what is a
clause I'm sure you've heard this word
before as well but just in case a clause
is any subject verb combination it's a
group of words that must include a
subject and a verb now also very
important to remember it must be a tense
verb meaning that it must take a time
past present future okay no base verb no
infinitive verb so that is a clause now
there are two types of clauses okay we
have independent clauses and we have
dependent clauses the these are
sometimes called subordinate clauses now
every sentence in English to be a
grammatically correct sentence must have
an independent clause
it doesn't need a dependent clause but
it could have one the independent clause
could include a dependent clause as the
subject or object we'll talk about that
after so an independent clause has a
subject and a verb and it can stand by
itself it can contain a complete idea by
itself okay so
that's technically the shortest sentence
you can have in English will be a end
will be an independent clause with a
subject and verb what is the absolute
shortest sentence that you can think of
think of a sentence the shortest you can
possibly make it okay here's an example
go
is this a complete English sentence yes
why because it contains an independent
clause where we have the implied subject
you and the tense verb go the imperative
tense go so this is your your basic
English sentence now we have three other
types three basic types then we can of
course play with these after
subject-verb-object some independent
clauses must have an object we'll talk
about that in a second excuse me subject
verb subject complement some sentences
must have a subject complement subject
verb complement okay we're going to talk
about each of these in a moment I have
the a here because quite often this
complement is actually an adverb phrase
or an adverbial we'll talk about that in
a second so your basic sentence can be
any one of these three now the reason
we're looking at this all these
structures is because once you
understand what must be contained in a
sentence then you can read any English
sentence out there that is grammatically
correct and be able to understand the
main idea of that sentence okay so let's
start with SVO okay let's look at our
SVO
type of independent clause subject verb
object now first what is an object well
we have two types of objects to talk
about we have the direct object we have
the indirect object now the thing to
understand is that the object always
answers a question about the verb it
completes the meaning of the verb by
asking the questions what or who
now keep in mind that technically it's
whom but if you say who let it go this
time okay
formal academic writing whom whom hmm
IELTS TOEFL SAT all that whom not who in
the object position but the direct
object answers who what or who about the
verb okay we'll get back to that an
indirect object answers the question to
what or for what or whom to what for
what to whom for whom usually about the
object about the direct object you will
never see an indirect object without a
direct object in the sentence as well
now again before I get back to the
object let me explain this word
transitive verb I don't care if you
remember this word or not it's not
important that's just a grammar word
understand the meaning of this situation
a transitive verb must take an object a
direct object okay look at this sentence
here I want is this a complete sentence
I have a subject and a verb right should
be okay want is a transitive verb
there's no such thing as wanting without
wanting something okay so this is not a
complete sentence this sentence or this
clause must take an object I want candy
now it's complete because it answers the
question what about want not all verbs
are transitive
some are intransitive means they don't
take an object some are called ambi
transitive means in some situations they
take an object in some situations they
don't take an object but that's for a
different lesson altogether so we have
SVO must have an object to the verb now
here she gave Mary a letter we have our
subject she we have our verb gave past
tense
Mary okay she gave who know she gave
what a letter we have our direct object
to Mary indirect object
she gave a letter to Mary she gave Mary
a letter
okay so we have she gave what again this
is a transitive verb it must take an
object a direct object she gave a letter
to Mary our indirect object this is a
complete independent clause a complete
idea full of meaning ready to be added
onto now what you put before what you
put after that's all compliments
basically it's not important you can
have a lot more phrases you can have
other clauses you can have subordinate
clauses added to this this is your main
idea of the sentence that's your
independent clause let's look at the
other type the subject verb subject
complements okay so now we're going to
look at the other type of sentence to
tell other type of independent clauses
you can have subject verb subject
complement before we look at it I want
you to notice very carefully this e here
okay we don't have complement complement
complement this one means to complete
something this one means to say nice
things about someone oh I like your
shirt it's very nice it suits you that's
a compliment compliment to complete so a
subject complement completes the meaning
of something now we have the object
before the object answered the question
about the verb right it completed the
meaning of the verb the subject
complement completes some of the meaning
or says something about the subject not
the verb okay
it also answers the question what about
the subject one way to think about this
is think of the verb that be verb and
it's always going to be a be verb think
of it as an equal sign subject equals
the subject complement so for example
and many students still ask me this so
I'll say it again I am
Canadian so I equals Canadian Canadian
completes the meaning of I same thing
right this is the completion of me this
sentence looks a little bit more
complicated but it's the exact same
thing the weatherman must be wrong about
today's forecast I still have the be
verb this modal must only tells me
something about the the degree of the be
verb it doesn't tell me anything about
the subject or the complement
so the weatherman wrong the weatherman
is wrong about today's forecast this is
just an extra piece of information it is
a complement to wrong wrong about what
that we're going to talk about different
types of complements like this one wrong
is a complement to weatherman about
today's forecast is a complement to
wrong a sentence can have many
complements okay and the dependent
clause can only have one object one
subject one verb however you can have
many clauses in a sentence you can only
have one independent clause unless of
course you have two independent clause
joined by a conjunction and but or etc
we'll talk about that in a little bit as
well
so the matoran weatherman must be wrong
about today's forecast so this is your
subject verb subject verb subject
complement now we're going to look at
the last one subject verb complement
okay let's look at there our last one we
have SV a I put a because quite often
when you have to have it it's an
adverbial but technically anything
that's not an object or a subject
complement is just a complement it is
necessary to for the completion of the
sentence now an adverbial why do we call
it an adverbial because it answers the
questions where when how why we saw that
the object answers what or who adverbial
answers the other questions about what
about the subject no it's about the verb
again okay
so for example if I say I went is this a
complete
sentence no because go means you had to
go somewhere
technically in certain context it could
be an answer to another question but as
by itself it's not a complete sentence I
need to add something to it
I went to the store I went where to the
store so to the story is a compliment
but it's acting as an adverb because it
answers one of these questions remember
it compliment and I just want to explain
it here completes the meaning of
something it could come in this case it
completes the meaning of the verb but
compliments can also complete the
meanings of something else we add s vs C
completes the meaning of the subject we
can also have complements that complete
the meaning of an object or preposition
or many other things I'll give you a few
examples soon bill lives in Hawaii bill
lives where in Hawaii
now I want you to also look at this
sentence Carl reads now could this end
this clause I should say subject verb
could this be a complete sentence sure
what does Carl do what does Carl do in
his spare time he reads now what he
reads maybe not important I want the
action more than the thing he reads
however I see Carl he's reading all the
time and I think why is he in school no
Carl reads for pleasure
I need this piece of information to
complete the idea to complete the
meaning of this sentence Carl reads
books and Carl reads for pleasure are
two completely different sentences they
have completely different meanings if I
want to specify a particular meaning I
want to tell you why he reads then I
have to add this compliment I have to
add this adverbial to complete the
meaning of this verb he reads newspapers
he reads comic books he reads obituaries
you know what Oh areas in
newspapers sometimes they put little
notices of people who died some people
like to read these things I don't know
why but some people do but Carl
he reads for pleasure he enjoys it it's
fun for him but this completes the
meaning of that so there you have the
three types now the thing to remember is
that you can mix all of these you can
have sv a oh well no you can't have SB a
you can have sv o a you can have sv o si
you can have sv a AC etc you can mix
them I'm going to give you a couple of
examples here to see what I'm talking
about okay let's look at some examples
here
I want keep in mind this is very basic
stuff you're going to see very very
complicated sentences in your readings
especially once you get into academic
readings but I went to the store to buy
bread for breakfast this morning
now this might seem like a bit of a
complicated sentence but it's actually a
simple sentence and it only has SV lots
of C's okay I went subject-verb where to
the store this is an adverbial where to
buy bread why why did I go to the store
for breakfast bread for what at the
store I bought bread I bought bread for
breakfast
when this morning this is goes back to
went okay all of these are compliments
to the to each other and to the verb
went you can have many compliments you
don't want to have to too many because
then your sentence becomes long and a
little bit boring a little bit in danger
of being run on okay but you can add as
many as you want
now the compliments could be anything
could be infinitive phrase or participle
phrase or clause or gerund or noun
phrase anything okay as long as it's
grammatically correct here's another
sentence now this one also looks a
little complicated it's not either what
Sharon forgot to mention was that her
husband was the CEO of Microsoft and
makes a lot of money
which is why she can afford all of her
holidays sorry I forgot to call mother
okay now you're thinking oh wow I have
no idea first thing what I said you have
to find your independent clause first
now keep in mind a subject can be a
subordinate clause as well what is the
subject of this entire sentence is it
Sharon no is it CEO is that her husband
is it Microsoft no what we have here is
a noun clause subject this is your
subject a subject which is an
independent dependent clause sorry this
is called a noun clause it has its own
subject and verb remember a dependent
clause also has a subject and verb
forgot what to mention it has an object
to forgot now here is your verb what
okay
her husband that her husband was the CEO
of Microsoft and makes a lot of money
share differ this is a subject this is
the subject complement because we have a
be verb this is also a noun clause with
its own subject and verb that her
husband was the CEO and that he makes a
lot of money okay which is why she can
afford all of her holidays we were
wondering Sharon goes away on holiday
all the time but she doesn't work how
does she do that she's never told us
that she inherited money oh what she
forgot to mention last time she
explained was that blah blah blah okay
so this is a compliment now of course
this doesn't look too easy remember a
subject could be anything an object can
be anything look not anything but it's
all kinds of subjects and objects we'll
discuss that another time find your
subject your main subject find your main
verb find your object compliment etc now
remember I said every sentence must have
at least one independent clause it could
have two it could have three as long as
you have a coordinating conjunction and
but or John loves Kate John loves who
Kate and
kate loves john subject-verb-object
subject-verb-object
two independent clauses one sentence
conjunction okay this might seem a
little bit difficult but there's a quiz
on ink vidcom go to it check it out and
remember this is all very good for your
writing skills and your reading skills
but if you need a little bit more help
check out my website right to top calm a
lot more information there to help you
out and come again soon
you