Henotheism (from Greek ἑνός θεός (henos theos), meaning 'one god') is the worship
of a single god while not denying the existence or possible existence of other deities. Friedrich
Schelling (1775–1854) coined the word, and Friedrich Welcker (1784–1868) used it to
depict primitive monotheism among ancient Greeks.Max Müller (1823–1900), a German
philologist and orientalist, brought the term into wider usage in his scholarship on the
Indian religions, particularly Hinduism whose scriptures mention and praise numerous deities
as if they are one ultimate unitary divine essence. Müller made the term central to
his criticism of Western theological and religious exceptionalism (relative to Eastern religions),
focusing on a cultural dogma which held "monotheism" to be both fundamentally well-defined and
inherently superior to differing conceptions of God.
== Definition and terminology == Friedrich Schelling coined the term henotheism,
from heis or heno which literally means "single, one". The term refers to a form of theism
focused on a single god. Related terms are monolatrism and kathenotheism. The latter
term is an extension of "henotheism", from καθ' ἕνα θεόν (kath' hena theon),
meaning 'one god at a time'. Henotheism refers to a pluralistic theology wherein different
deities are viewed to be of a unitary, equivalent divine essence. Another term related to henotheism
is "equitheism", referring to the belief that all gods are equal. Further, the term henotheism
does not exclude monism, nondualism or dualism.Various scholars prefer the term monolatrism to henotheism,
to discuss religions where a single god is central, but the existence or the position
of other gods is not denied. According to Christoph Elsas, henotheism in modern usage
connotes a syncretic stage in the development of religions in late antiquity. A henotheist
may worship a single god from a pantheon of deities at a given time, depending on his
or her choice, while accepting other deities and concepts of god. Henotheism and inclusive
monotheism are terms that refer to a middle position between unlimited polytheism and
exclusive monotheism.
== Zoroastrianism ==
Ahura Mazda is the supreme god, but Zoroastrianism does not deny other deities. Ahura Mazda has
yazatas ("good agents") some of which include Anahita, Sraosha, Mithra, Rashnu, and Tishtrya.
Richard Foltz has put forth evidence that Iranians of Pre-Islamic era worshiped all
these figures, especially Mithra and Anahita.Prods Oktor Skjærvø states Zoroastrianism is henotheistic,
and "a dualistic and polytheistic religion, but with one supreme god, who is the father
of the ordered cosmos". Other scholars state that this is unclear, because historic texts
present a conflicting picture, ranging from Zoroastrianism's belief in "one god, two gods,
or a best god henotheism".
== Hinduism ==
Henotheism was the term used by scholars such as Max Müller to describe the theology of
Vedic religion. Müller noted that the hymns of the Rigveda, the oldest scripture of Hinduism,
mention many deities, but praises them successively as the "one ultimate, supreme God", alternatively
as "one supreme Goddess", thereby asserting that the essence of the deities was unitary
(ekam), and the deities were nothing but pluralistic manifestations of the same concept of the
divine (God).The Vedic era conceptualization of the divine or the One, states Jeaneane
Fowler, is more abstract than a monotheistic God, it is the Reality behind and of the phenomenal
universe. The Vedic hymns treat it as "limitless, indescribable, absolute principle", thus the
Vedic divine is something of a panentheism rather than simple henotheism. In late Vedic
era, around the start of Upanishadic age (~800 BCE), theosophical speculations emerge that
develop concepts which scholars variously call nondualism or monism, as well as forms
of non-theism and pantheism. An example of the questioning of the concept of God, in
addition to henotheistic hymns found therein, are in later portions of the Rigveda, such
as the Nasadiya Sukta. Hinduism calls the metaphysical absolute concept as Brahman,
incorporating within it the transcendent and immanent reality. Different schools of thought
interpret Brahman as either personal, impersonal or transpersonal. Ishwar Chandra Sharma describes
it as "Absolute Reality, beyond all dualities of existence and non-existence, light and
darkness, and of time, space and cause."
== Hellenistic religion ==
While Greek and Roman religion began as polytheism, during the Classical period, under the influence
of philosophy, differing conceptions emerged. Often Zeus (or Jupiter) was considered the
supreme, all-powerful and all-knowing, king and father of the Olympian gods. According
to Maijastina Kahlos "monotheism was pervasive in the educated circles in Late Antiquity"
and "all divinities were interpreted as aspects, particles or epithets of one supreme God".
Maximus Tyrius (2nd century A.D.) stated: "In such a mighty contest, sedition and discord,
you will see one according law and assertion in all the earth, that there is one god, the
king and father of all things, and many gods, sons of god, ruling together with him."The
Neoplatonic philosopher Plotinus taught that above the gods of traditional belief was "The
One", and polytheist grammarian Maximus of Madauros even stated that only a madman would
deny the existence of the supreme God.
== Canaanite religion and early Judaism == Rabbinical Judaism as it developed in Late
Antiquity is emphatically monotheistic. However, its predecessor—the various schools of Hellenistic
Judaism and Second Temple Judaism, and especially the cult of Yahweh as it was practiced in
ancient Israel and Judah during the 8th and 7th centuries BC—have been described as
henotheistic. For example, the Moabites worshipped the god
Chemosh, the Edomites, Qaus, both of whom were part of the greater Canaanite pantheon,
headed by the chief god, El. The Canaanite pantheon consisted of El and Asherah as the
chief deities, with 70 sons who were said to rule over each of the nations of the earth.
These sons were each worshiped within a specific region. Kurt Noll states that "the Bible preserves
a tradition that Yahweh used to 'live' in the south, in the land of Edom" and that the
original god of Israel was El Shaddai.Several Biblical stories allude to the belief that
the Canaanite gods all existed and were thought to possess the most power in the lands by
the people who worshiped them and their sacred objects; their power was believed to be real
and could be invoked by the people who patronized them. There are numerous accounts of surrounding
nations of Israel showing fear or reverence for the Israelite God despite their continued
polytheistic practices. For instance, in 1 Samuel 4, the Philistines fret before the
second battle of Aphek when they learn that the Israelites are bearing the Ark of the
Covenant, and therefore Yahweh, into battle. The Israelites were forbidden to worship other
deities, but according to some interpretations of the Bible, they were not fully monotheistic
before the Babylonian captivity. Mark S. Smith refers to this stage as a form of monolatry.
Smith argues that Yahweh underwent a process of merging with El and that acceptance of
cults of Asherah was common in the period of the Judges. 2 Kings 3:27 has been interpreted
as describing a human sacrifice in Moab that led the invading Israelite army to fear the
power of Chemosh.
== The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ==
Some scholars have written that The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS
Church) can be characterized as henotheistic, but others have rejected this stance.
Eugene England, a professor at Brigham Young University, asserted that LDS Presidents Brigham
Young and Joseph Fielding Smith along with LDS scholar B. H. Roberts used the LDS interpretation
of 1 Corinthians 8:5–6 as "a brief explanation of how it is possible to be both a Christian
polytheist (technically a henotheist) and a monotheist". BYU Professor Roger R. Keller
rejected descriptions of the LDS Church as polytheistic by countering, as summarized
by a reviewer, "Mormons are fundamentally monotheistic because they deal with only one
god out of the many which exist."In their book, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise,
Richard and Joan Ostling, wrote that some Mormons are comfortable describing themselves
as henotheists.Kurt Widmer, professor at the University of Lethbridge, described LDS beliefs
as a "cosmic henotheism". A review of Widmer's book by Bruening and Paulsen in the FARMS
Review of Books countered that Widmer's hypothesis was "strongly disconfirmed in light of the
total evidence".Van Hale has written, "Mormonism teaches the existence of gods who are not
the Father, Son, or Holy Ghost" and "the existence of more than one god [is] clearly a Mormon
doctrine", but he also said that defining this belief system in theological terms was
troublesome. Henotheism might appear to be "promising" in describing LDS beliefs, Hale
wrote, but it is ultimately not accurate because henotheism was intended to describe the worship
of a god that was restricted to a specific geographical area.
== See also == Comparative religion
Henosis, mystical "oneness", "union", or "unity" in classical Greek
King of the Gods, a tendency for one divinity, usually male, to achieve preeminence