the world of mirrors selfies
two-dimensional portraits
and mirror selfies just as a whole
there's a large attentional bias towards
the frontal profile of an individual's
face
and this is mostly dominated aesthetic
trends
but all too important in the overall
evaluation of a face
is an individual's appearance from other
angles especially an individual's side
profile
this side profile of the face can best
be described as the typical
jail mug shot from almost every crime
movie you've ever seen
including this one as we can see the
most prominent features that define the
side profile
are the jawline the chin protrusion the
height of the nose
an individual's hairline and other
features that would potentially be
overlooked in a traditional analysis
of beauty the side profile is more or
less reserved for dental and orthodontic
evaluations as it's very good at showing
your dental facial growth and so the
average person might neglect that in
favor of a more frontal analysis which
is what you see when you look at a face
you're not
looking at the side profile you're
looking directly into the eyes
for instance factors that may look
perfectly normal from the front
can actually be very deviant from the
side since if you have a
overbite or an underbite it's not as
noticeable if you look at it from the
front
but from the side it is very apparent we
could also say the same thing about eye
socket protrusion your forward globe
protrusion your under eye region
your over eye region or the supraorbital
region and
so many more things like your forehead
inclination the list just goes on and on
and so
for a holistic or a clinical evaluation
of a person's aesthetic appeal
i think the side profile is arguably
more important than the frontal profile
even though the frontal profile is more
practically or pragmatically useful in
your day-to-day life
the side profile can tell you a lot more
things that you wouldn't be able to
detect
from just looking at a face dead-on it's
unsurprising then that there's a strong
correlation in the research literature
between an individual's facial features
and their satisfaction with their
aesthetic
for example a nigerian university study
tracked specific elements of oral health
including oral pain ability to eat and
the ability to speak and socialize
without considerable difficulty
the researchers noticed a obvious
positive correlation between oral health
and the quality of your life
this ties back into what i mentioned
earlier about the side profile
being a very visual indicator of your
dental facial health
if you have a less than ideal side
profile then chances are that your oral
health is also
not ideal that your orthodontic
alignment is also
not ideal and so your quality of life
and your happiness with your aesthetic
appeal
is also not ideal a separate japanese
study further looked at notions of
facial side profiling
recognizing that groups of adults from
different races have a fundamental
variation
that exists in their craniofacial
structure this particular implication
is nothing new because forensic
scientist uses all time
the idea that there are differences in
craniofacial structure between
different ethnicities and races to
identify decomposed bodies
or partially disease remains and so a
similar
idea also extends to the fields of
dentistry and aesthetics
where differences in facial morphology
or the physical structure of your face
itself
have to be recognized between different
ethnicities and races
this is quite important because more so
than for any other
facial aesthetic feature or pose i
suppose
the research on facial side profiles
shouldn't be extrapolated beyond
the sample ethnicity or population that
it was initially tested for
a good example of this is with african
faces where the occurrence of
biomaxillary protrusion with the upper
and lower
incisors or the cutting teeth that you
have on the front of your
dental arch tend to procline or curl
outwards and this is what partially
leads to african faces having
characteristically
larger lips on average you can then
imagine how it'd be difficult to
extrapolate these findings to other
ethnicities which were either not tested
or they just didn't find the same level
of characteristic results
that indicate that this is something
that may be specific to an ethnicity
rather than just simple noise in the
variation if you just take
a random sample of a million people
obviously a handful of those are going
to have
some form of biomaxillary protrusion
that would be considered
noise in the data set because every data
set of
anything to do with humans or just
anything in general has some form of
noise to it
in other words there are some variations
in the data but nothing significant
enough to draw any conclusions on
however if i were to find an increasing
correlation between this type of
dental feature forming and their
ethnicity
then further research should indicate
that there is something
that perhaps this formed as a result of
evolutionary
bias or some kind of adaptation for the
african population
another good example of being very
careful with your research
is that you'll notice in this paper they
mentioned african-american
so this doesn't necessarily extrapolate
to people as in
africans from the continent of africa
and so this biomaxillary protrusion or
the increased recurrence of it in this
particular sample population may just be
a social thing so perhaps americans or
african americans
just like the look or if it's something
that they do want to get changed
they don't because healthcare might be
very expensive and so surgery might not
be an option for a lot of people
and so these are actual social
influences that you also have to
consider
so the idea the main point i'm trying to
make is that you shouldn't be
extrapolating the data from
one particular study to another
especially
especially in regards to the side
profile because a lot of it is dental
facial based
and dental facial is quite influenced by
non-hereditary things
so nature versus nurture in this case
it's more so nurture or that's what i'd
argue from the research
and we actually made a similar video on
this where dr weston price
indicated that having a strong tough
traditional diet
like your native indigenous ancestors
would have had
versus your modern process diet that any
city dweller would have now
is very detrimental to your tooth
eruption and your dental facial growth
another example i'd give just off the
top of my head would be with native
americans
who use cradleboard the early infants to
have them sleep on the back of their
head
rather than on the sides when the infant
skull is very soft and moldable
and so these practices help them grow up
into very well defined
strong dental facial features and very
broad attractive faces
a first deeper look at facial side
profiling comes from a paper by
menisca and colleagues that defined what
a balanced facial side profile should
look like
the hypothesis of this paper goes that
as an individual deviates from the
normal balanced facial side profile
there will be an increase in
psychosocial issues later on in their
life
to measure this they use what's known as
the orthognatic quality of life
questionnaire
which was developed in the early 2000s
to estimate
as you would guess the quality of life
of patients who have been treated with
facial surgery
and in this case specifically surgery on
their jaw and their jaw alignment
all of which are factors which influence
your facial side profile aesthetic
when you consider the purpose of
cosmetic surgery it's to improve the
quality of life for your patients
analyzing data from this questionnaire
becomes an essential element
in having a patient's best interest at
hand the questionnaire uses
self-statements
to assess a participant's satisfaction
concerns and awareness with their own
aesthetic
when we pulled back into the context of
the current study menisca
and colleagues utilized the measure to
see if social and psychological issues
were related to an individual's facial
profile
deviating away from the norm as defined
for caucasians although we will look at
other populations in just a second
so what exactly is the normal side
profile alignment for an aesthetic face
anyway
from that study in this particular table
we can look at three main proportions
that they use to consider
normal side aesthetic first is the
sagittal face and nose
and so if you imagine that the sagittal
plane goes through this way
then the sagittal face and nose is just
a spatial relationship
between these two units to each other
the lips and the vertical face which
should be
also very self-explanatory within the
sagittal phase factor
sagittal referring to a side on view we
can see that particular measurements
referring to the overall angle of the
face the angle of the face in proportion
to the nose
and the angle of the nose itself are the
dimensions that we should be considering
when looking at the lip factor elements
like the projection of the upper and
lower lip
are also used and this is something that
we use very extensively in our
ku's aesthetics reports because it's
quite a useful way of
quickly quantifying how much a lip can
be deviated by
in terms of forward projection and a
good example would be
if you have too much lip filler and so
your lips stick out excessively
or if you have bimaxillary protrusion
which i explained earlier
for the vertical factor we can look at
the balances between the facial thirds
or the actual size of individual units
themselves in reference to an
anthropological
guideline measurement say for instance a
guideline for
your nasal bridge and length should be
around 70 millimeters
for your given gender and ethnicity then
we can measure how much the deviance is
from that
and then assess how that relates to your
overall facial harmony as a whole
here they show some data sets for a
caucasian sample with the angular and
linear measurements
but for the curves report we'd use one
of our 22
i think it's 25 now data sets to match
it to your ethnicity and get the correct
values
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let's go back to talking about site
profiles so in this paper they had
225 participants and they were sorted
into three groups based on their facial
side profile alignment
the groups were a concave profile
defined by the individuals who had a
prominent chin with retrusive teeth and
lips having an overall dent with their
faces as
seen in these examples here the second
group were those with balanced features
and as much as a flat profile indicated
by no specific outlier features on their
face
and the third group the convex profile
who had
relatively underdeveloped lower jaw or
chin protrusion
and a more prominent maxilla or upper
jaw which
created as you would imagine a kind of a
moon face shape
the effect of this underdeveloped chore
is that it makes the nose look a lot
more prominent
the overall facial shape of a convex
profile can be seen here
creating a lump in the face as seen by
the side profile
now assessing the psychosocial factors
associated with these side profiles
it was found that there was no
significant differences between men and
women for their facial appearance as a
whole
what was found however was that male
respondents with a concave
profile were less satisfied with their
faces than those with a flat or a
convex profile and when these results
are displayed graphically we can see
that the overall satisfaction for
men is greatest when they have a convex
profile whereas women have the greatest
satisfaction with a flat profile
now these results are very i guess quite
surprising to me because
you'd expect that men would want more
well generally stronger jaws and
more of a neutral balanced face shape
which is something you'd get with the
obviously the flat or the straight
profile
whereas the concave profile emphasizes
the weakness of the jaw
and so for that reason i think we need
to look at other studies with other
geographical region and populations
this was again remember a caucasian
sample so
i expect there to be some differences in
other ethnicities
now if you think back to that mini stats
class i gave at the beginning of the
video
one part of paying attention to the
research is knowing when to call out the
details
here while it does suggest that males
prefer the convex profile
and females prefer the straight profile
the differences are actually
statistically negligible
so in other words it's not really
telling us a whole lot and we're going
to have to look at more studies
one study by altaki and colleagues in
2014 suggested that the straight profile
is the most attractive between both
genders for the united arab emirates
population
similarly another study by taraja ital
looked at an
indian population for their preferences
in a side profile
and found very similar findings in both
sexes the orthognatic profile or their
straight profile
was the most preferred in males
biomaxillary protrusion is considered
the least attractive
and in females protrusive maxillas or
the upper jaw
are considered the least attractive and
lastly in the indian population the
position of the mandible or your lower
jaw is much more critical in males than
that of the maxilla or the upper jaw
which is the reverse for women from
these results there's
quite unilateral consensus between
doctors surgeons dental students and the
general population
but more or less there's a bit of a
deviance between the general population
and the
medical professionals and we've seen
this time and time again in many
different research papers where
medical professionals such as
orthodontists have much more stringent
requirements for what an attractive face
is
versus the general population and that's
because they look at things
more from a numbers and quantitative
point of view whereas the general
population looks at faces from a more
holistic and
qualitative point of view as in does
this face just look attractive to me or
not
most interestingly to me however is from
pharaoh ital's paper on bi-maxillary
protrusion in black americans
where if you remember at the beginning
of the video i mentioned the topic of
bi-maxillary protrusion which gives
the face quite a projected lower third
and this is partially for what
makes the lips look larger and what they
found in this particular paper is that
black americans prefer a straighter
profile than what has been measured as
normal for their race
in other words they would like to more
often than not have this bi-maxillary
protrusion reduced
which again is in consensus with all of
the other studies
where humans just generally prefer a
straighter facial profile
rather than a convex or a concave one
showing
a degree of unilateral support that you
wouldn't expect
despite these populations being made up
of very different parts of the globe
mansigos 1998 looked at a japanese study
found the exact same thing
although the sample size was a lot
smaller but these results also showed a
very similar preference for a automatic
or a straight facial profile
and again this agrees with everything
we've seen so far with every different
geographical region what's interesting
to me from a statistics point of view is
that despite this sample size being very
small
they still found very significant or
statistically significant results
meaning that this innate desire for
wanting a orthognatic or preferring a
orthognathic and straight facial profile
must be quite important because we're
detecting it in sample sizes with very
small percentages meaning that they have
weak statistical power
yet we can still detect such a similar
result
we can detect it in very large sample
sizes with a lot of statistical power
meaning that when the test is very
sensitive we can detect it over a very
large population even when the test is
very
insensitive we can detect it over a very
small population or a sample size in
this case
what we can take from these findings is
that to a degree the facial side profile
evaluation
is important but it doesn't exert enough
influence by itself in most cases to
significantly affect an individual's
satisfaction with their facial aesthetic
however it can affect an individual's
objective measurement
of attractiveness the key differentiator
being individual satisfaction versus
individual attractiveness one such study
from the british journal of orthodontics
assessed the relationship between the
side profile and facial appearance
much like all of the other studies we've
looked at with a slight difference
as the journal pointed out variations in
an individual side profile and their
aesthetic
can depend on the aspect in other words
the individual's facial expression
posture lighting growth aging and of
course
changes due to surgical treatment which
is the part that we've really looked at
in the other papers
and in our video on dual pragmatism
although
conclusions from that paper stated that
as an isolated reference so the side
profile just by itself
an individual side profile is not
sufficient as a judgment of facial
aesthetics
they suggested that the side profile may
serve to predict certain traits of
beauty
including the proportions of the nose
the upper and
lower lip and the soft tissue chin which
can affect the overall balance of the
face
the paper suggests that the best
predictor of an individual's facial
aesthetic
is actually the three-quarter face view
which can accentuate an individual's
jawline and cheekbone
so instead of taking your photographs
from dead on
much like any modeling agency or
photographer will tell you
it's actually better to take the photo
from a three-quarter view
partially this is because not many faces
are perfectly symmetric
and so a three-quarter view can hide a
lot of those flaws
but also because it accentuates the
jawline much more than the side profile
alone
and much more than the frontal profile
alone can
what we're really seeing in the research
is that the frontal profile is
still more important in your day-to-day
life than your side profile because
you're not going to be looking at
somebody's side profile more than you
look at their frontal profile if you're
talking to them in a
one-on-one socialized setting but that
doesn't mean that your side profile
isn't important
it's just used to measure a different
type of aesthetic appeal
which is in the form of your dental
facial alignment which is something
that's more biologically ingrained into
us from what we prefer in our faces
and as it turns out regardless of what
geographical region we're looking at
there's very strong consensus in people
preferring straight facial profiles
such that the sagittal relationship
between the upper lower jaw and the
cranium itself is quite balanced now i i
suppose
a lot of you did expect this video to go
more of it into the angles and the
measurements and the jaw angles and all
of that stuff but we've looked at all of
that in our previous videos for instance
the ideal draw angle was covered in this
and then the ideas of dual pragmatism
was covered in this
and so the main focus of today's video
is really to look at the influence of
facial complexity and concavity
in how that influences your social
perceptions having misaligned dental
facial features
is quite a significant factor to your
facial attractiveness and so
if this is in your case it would be in
your best interest to have it corrected
if you'd like to learn more about your
facial profile and your facial aesthetic
overall as a whole then i recommend that
you go to the queue's website and order
a facial aesthetics report
where you can get detailed feedback from
our team of orthodontists
dentists and doctors and get a tailored
report that looks at all of these
different proportions and aspects of
your face
and be better educated on your facial
aesthetic also if you haven't already i
recommend you catch me on the podcast on
patreon where i talk about many
different fringe aspects of the facial
aesthetics
sector and the research literature i
bring on guests and researchers to talk
about their findings
and some of the limitations that we see
in the literature itself
and how this can be used to apply to the
general everyday person