NASA just solved an astronomical puzzle that shocked Elon Musk researchers have been perplexed
by a glowing blob known as the Cocoon since it was discovered in 2012. it appears to be
inside one of the massive gamma-ray emanations from the center of our galaxy known as the Fermi
Bubbles and it has baffled astronomers ever since in recent research published in nature
astronomy it is demonstrated that the Cocoon is brought on by gamma rays generated by extremely
fast-spinning Stars known as millisecond pulsars that are situated in the Sagittarius dwarf Galaxy
which orbits the Milky Way fighting shed light on the cocoon's Enigma but they also put doubt
on efforts to look for dark matter in whatever gamma ray guo the Cocoon May release what made
up of this glowing blob well let's find out while Elon Musk updates us all hello everyone
and welcome back to Elon Musk Evolution where we bring you the most recent news about Elon Musk
and his multi-billion dollar companies space news and the latest science and technology
but before we begin make sure you subscribe to our Channel and click the Bell icon so you don't
miss out on any of our amazing videos and let's get started according to musk for the benefit
of life on Earth gamma rays are blocked by our atmosphere these light particles have energy that
are more than a million times greater than the photons that human eyes can see before sensors
were lofted into space astronomers were unaware of the richness of the gamma-ray sky due to the
obstruction of our ground level Vision however more and more of this richness has been made
public beginning with a coincidental findings made by the Vela satellites which were launched into
space in the 1960s to track the nuclear test ban the Fermi gamma ray Space Telescope a substantial
NASA mission that has been in orbit for more than a decade is the most Cutting Edge gamer Ray
equipment currently in use the Milky Way and the larger Cosmos have revealed a number of surprises
thanks to fermi's capacity for resolving minute detail and detecting faint sources in 2010 shortly
after fermi's debut one of these surprises was discovered something in the Milky Way Center is
blowing what appears to be two enormous gamma-ray producing bubbles NASA's Fermi space telescope's
gamma ray measurements revealed a fascinating structure of the Milky Way our home Galaxy two
enormous bubbles that appear below and above the Galaxy Center have been found by astronomers they
are referred to as Fermi bubbles full 10 of the sky is covered by these absolutely unexpected
Fermi bubbles a total of 50 000 light years are covered by each bubble which is around 25
000 light years long it may be millions of years old and cover more than half of the visible sky
from the constellation Virgo to the constellation grooves astronomers largest unanswered mystery is
what might have actually created these Fermi bubbles what may these Fermi bubbles tell us
about the past of our Milky Way galaxy returning to the Past let's investigate the Fermi bubbles
are invisible to the naked eye they are nearly undetectable because the gas inside them is so
thin despite their tremendous temperatures however something in them has the ability to produce
gamma rays though light with the maximum energy which is how the Fermi team discovered them the
supermassive black hole that lurks in the galaxy is a leading candidate as the cause of the bubbles
musk stated this monster which is 4 million times more massive than the sun is hidden in the
galactic nucleus where the bubbles come from such enormous black holes are typically found in the
centers of galaxies some of these black holes are actually actively consuming matter having been fed
they simultaneously release enormous outflowing jets that may be seen over the electromagnetic
spectrum thus a question that came up after the bubbles were found was can we locate a Smoking Gun
connecting them to the supermassive black hole in our gown Galaxy eventually shaky proof did start
to appear a trace of a tiny gamma ray jet going back towards the galactic center could be seen
inside each bubble however as more information and time passed the image became murkier one
of the bubbles that a jet-like characteristic that was confirmed but closer inspection made
the other bubbles apparent jet appear to vanish the bubbles appeared oddly uneven because only
one had the Cocoon an extended brilliant area while the other did not a detailed analysis
of the cocoon's nature was recently published in nature astronomy surprisingly astronomers discover
this structure has nothing to do with the Fermi bubbles or in fact the Galaxy supermassive black
hole instead they discovered that the Cocoon is actually something altogether different
gamma rays from the Sagittarius dwarf Galaxy which just so happens to be behind the southern bubble
as seen from Earth musk explained the Sagittarius dwarf is a satellite Galaxy that orbits the Milky
Way It Is So named because its sky position is in the constellation of Sagittarius the Milky
Way's powerful gravitational field is literally torn apart this Galaxy's Remnant which is once a
much larger Galaxy in fact the entire night sky is covered in tails made up of stars that were
snipped from the Sagittarius dwarf high energy particles known as cosmic rays clash with the
incredibly thin gas between the stars in the Milky Way where this is the primary source of gamma rays
do you sense a general high energy Trend here musk asks astronomers believe that cosmic rays which
are high energy particles in and of themselves are what caused the gamma rays to be created
within the bubbles these particles knock around and release the recognizable gamma rays which are
predominantly electrons but may also include some heavier guys high energy particles can produce
a variety of other things in addition to gamma rays sometimes as a result of their interaction
with one another in a complex subatomic dance involving matter and energy cosmic rays can
produce neutrinos a virtually massless particle that only interacts with other particles through
the weak nuclear force which means it hardly ever interacts with normal matter at all therefore
something in the Fermi bubbles may be generating these incredibly strange neutrinos the neutrinos
May simply be a coincidence and actually be coming from a different region of the universe hidden
behind the bubbles or and may not be according to musk additionally though we are not entirely clear
how cosmic rays are apparently responsible for the production of all gamma rays if we're lucky there
might be a single set of events occurring inside the bubbles that simultaneously generates gamma
rays and the precise type of neutrinos that we can detect that would be a significant Improvement in
describing the physics of the bubbles themselves and provide us with a wealth of information about
their Genesis they gave a raise release by the Sagittarius dwarf however cannot be accounted
for by this process due to the same gravitational pressure that Drew so many of its Stars away it
long ago lost its gas thus from where do gamma rays originate the fascinating possibility that
they are a signature of Dark Matter an invisible substance whose gravitational effects are all
that can be seen which astronomy believe makes up a large portion of the universe was one of
the many possibilities that astronomers thought about musk stated unfortunately the Cocoon shape
closely resembles the dispersion of the stars that can be seen ruling out dark matter as the
source the stars in one manner or another were the source of the gamma rays the Sagittarius dwarf
stars however are ancient and dormant and such a population what kind of sourcey Mets game are Rays
a rapidly spinning object known as a millisecond Pulsar which is the remnant of specific stars
that are significantly more massive than the Sun and are also closely orbiting another star
is the only explanation according to astronomers who are confident that this is the only possible
explanation such binary systems can under the correct conditions give birth to a neutron star
which is a rotating entity that rotates hundreds of times per second and is about as heavy as the
Sun but only about 20 kilometers across these new drawn Stars function as natural particle
accelerators by launching extremely high energy particles into space as a result of their fast
Spin and potent magnetic fields gamma rays are then released from these particles and
astronomers discovered that the mystery cocoon's primary source was a pair of millisecond pulsars
in the Sagittarius dwarf but that being said that ends today's episode we sincerely hope
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