Communicating underwater is challenging.
Light and odors don't travel well, so it's hard for animals to see or smell.
But sound moves about four times faster in water than in air,
so in this dark environment,
marine mammals often rely on vocalization to communicate.
That's why a chorus of sounds fills the ocean.
Clicks,
pulses,
whistles,
groans,
boings,
cries,
and trills, to name a few.
But the most famous parts of this underwater symphony
are the evocative melodies, or songs, composed by the world's largest mammals,
whales.
Whale songs are one of the most sophisticated communication systems
in the animal kingdom.
Only a few species are known to sing.
Blue,
fin,
bowhead
minke whales,
and of course humpback whales.
These are all baleen whales
which use hairy baleen plates instead of teeth to trap their prey.
Meanwhile, toothed whales do use echolocation,
and they and other species of baleen whales
make social sounds, such as cries and whistles, to communicate.
But those vocalizations lack the complexity of songs.
So how do they do it?
Land mammals like us generate sound by moving air over our vocal cords
when we exhale, causing them to vibrate.
Baleen whales have a U-shaped fold of tissue between their lungs
and their large inflatable organs called laryngeal sacs.
We don't know this for sure
because it's essentially impossible to observe the internal organs
of a living, singing whale,
but we think that when a whale sings,
muscular contractions in the throat and chest
move air from the lungs across the U-fold and into the laryngeal sacs,
causing the U-fold to vibrate.
The resulting sound resonates in the sacs like a choir singing in a cathedral
making songs loud enough to propagate up to thousands of kilometers away.
Whales don't have to exhale to sing.
Instead, the air is recycled back into the lungs,
creating sound once more.
One reason whale songs are so fascinating is their pattern.
Units, like moans, cries, and chirps are arranged in phrases.
Repeated phrases are assembled into themes.
Multiple themes repeated in a predictable pattern create a song.
This hierarchical structure is a kind of grammar.
Whale songs are extremely variable in duration,
and whales can repeat them over and over.
In one recorded session, a humpback whale sang for 22 hours.
And why do they do it?
We don't yet know the exact purpose, but we can speculate.
Given that the singers are males and they mostly sing during the mating season,
songs might be used to attract females.
Or perhaps they're territorial, used to deter other males.
Whales return to the same feeding and breeding grounds annually,
and each discrete population has a different song.
Songs evolve over time as units or phrases are added, changed, or dropped.
And when males from different populations are feeding within earshot,
phrases are often exchanged,
maybe because new songs make them more attractive to breeding females.
This is one of the fastest examples of cultural transmission,
where learned behaviors are passed between unrelated individuals
of the same species.
We can eavesdrop on these songs using underwater microphones
called hydrophones.
These help us track species when sightings or genetic samples are rare.
For example, scientists have been able to differentiate
the elusive blue whale's populations worldwide based on their songs.
But the oceans are getting noisier as a result of human activity.
Boating,
military sonar,
underwater construction,
and seismic surveys for oil are occurring more often
which may interfere with whale's communication.
Some whales will avoid key feeding or breeding grounds
if human noise is too loud.
And humpback whales have been observed to reduce their singing
in response to noise 200 kilometers away.
Limiting human activity along migratory routes
and in other critical habitats,
and reducing noise pollution throughout the ocean
would help ensure whales continued survival.
If the whales can keep singing and we can keep listening,
maybe one day we'll truly understand what they're saying.