(jazz piano)
Voiceover: We're in the National Archaeological Museum
in Athens, and we're looking at
a small sculpture of a man seated on a chair,
playing a harp.
But what makes this a remarkable object
is that it's probably about 5,000 years old.
Voiceover: There are only about 10 of these
that have been discovered
in the Cycladic Islands in the South Aegean.
Voiceover: Mostly what we've found are
tall, thin, highly abstracted female figures,
and these have mostly been found in graves.
Voiceover: They were produced over hundreds
and hundreds of years, of various sizes.
Voiceover: We don't know a lot about these sculptures,
and the reason for that is that perhaps
only 10% of these figures have been recovered
by modern archaeologists, in controlled conditions.
The vast majority of these sculptures, male and female,
have come to light on the art market.
That is, somebody has gone in and unearthed them
in order to sell them.
The result is we have no scientific archaeological records
of where they were found, at what level they were found,
so the chronology, etc., is almost impossible.
Voiceover: Right. We don't know what they were found with.
We don't know anything about the context of the find,
and in fact we'll never know,
because that knowledge is just permanently lost.
So not only do we have a problem
with the archaeological record,
but we also have a problem because
these were so popular in the early 20th century.
They were discovered by modern artists,
and therefore we think many of them
may have been created as forgeries.
Voiceover: So the art market, we think,
is awash with authentic objects that have been
unearthed illegally, as well as forgeries,
that is, objects that have been produced
in the modern world, in order to look
as if they were ancient.
When we look at these objects, we can see why
the modern artists fell in love with these.
There's a kind of simplicity.
We know that Brancusi respsonded to these.
We know that Modigliani responded to these.
We know that Picasso loved these objects.
Voiceover: They're highly abstract,
and they look that way to us
in a way that is not really true
to what they originally looked like.
We know that areas of the sculptures were painted
with very bright colors,
and so this pristine white marble abstract form,
that we so appreciate in the modern era,
is not what the people of Crete were producing.
Voiceover: And look at the differences
between the male and female figures.
The male figures are rounded.
The furniture is rounded.
It's tubular.
The figure's head is back, as if perhaps he's singing,
but of course we don't know.
There is a little projection from that harp,
which we think may be the head of a bird,
perhaps a swan.
Again, we really don't know.
Whereas, the female figures are more frontal,
more plainer, and they are incised in a way
that accentuates the geometry of their bodies.
Voiceover: Not only are the female figures abstract,
but they're also very compact.
The limbs are folded in.
There's no space between the arms and the torso.
There's no space between the legs.
The knees are just slightly bent.
There's no real sense of movement.
Voiceover: It is a closed composition
that emphasizes the overall contour of the figures.
Look at the shield-like shape of the face
and the way that the nose projects.
They're beautiful without eyes,
but there were painted eyes.
There was a painted mouth.
We initially see these as flat,
but when we spend a moment looking at them,
we see that the head is at one angle,
the neck at another.
Then we have the more complicated surface of the torso.
Then it seems as if the thighs project outward,
and the shins inward again, and then of course,
we have the reverse with the feet, and so there is
this almost slight accordion-like folding of the body.
Voiceover: With later Greek sculptures
we might think about Kouroi figures from the 7th century,
much later and on the Greek mainland,
there we see male figures nude and female figures clothed.
And here, these female figures are all nude.
That has led some art historians and archaeologists
to speculate that maybe these are somehow related
to neolithic fertility goddesses.
Voiceover: But the key word here is speculate,
because we have no written records.
All we have is the object itself.
They have been stripped of all of their
original cultural meaning, and in some ways
that is also a very modernist idea,
that we can appreciate the aesthetics,
the object itself, unencumbered
by what their real meaning was.
(jazz piano)