- [Instructor] Jian obtained a random sample of data
on how long it took each of 24 students
to complete a timed reaction game
and a timed memory game.
He noticed a positive linear relationship
between the times on each task.
Here is a computer output on the sample data.
So, we have some statistics calculated
on the reaction time, on the memory time.
And then he had his computer do a regression
for the data that he collected.
And then we're told assume that all conditions
for inference have been met.
Calculate the test statistic that should be used
for testing a null hypothesis
that the population slope is actually zero.
So pause this video and have a go at it.
All right, so let's just make sure we understand
what is going on.
So let's first think about the population.
So I'll do that right over here.
So in the population,
there might be some true linear relationships.
So in theory,
on our x-axis, we would have our reaction time
and on our y-axis, you have your memory time.
If you were able to plot every single possible data point,
it might even be an infinite,
or near infinite, (laughs)
so it would be very hard to do it.
But if you were,
if there was just some truth in the universe,
it says yes, there actually is
a positive linear relationship.
And it looks like this.
And you could describe that regression line as y hat.
It's a regression line.
Is equal to some true population paramater
which would be this y intercept.
So we could call that alpha
plus some true population parameter
that would be the slope of this regression line
we could call that beta.
Times x.
Now we don't know what this truth of the universe is
of the linear relationship
between reaction time and memory time.
But we can try to estimate it.
And that's what Jian is trying to do.
So he's taking a sample of 24,
so samples
samples 24 data.
Data points.
And that's much easier to then,
you can even visualize it on a scatter plot like this.
So you'd have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven,
eight, nine, 10, 11, 12, 13,
14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24.
You input those data points into computer
and it does a regression line.
And it's trying to minimize the squared distance
to all of these points.
And so let's say it gets a regression line
that looks something like this.
Where this regression line
can be described as some estimate of the true y intercept.
So this would actually be a statistic right over here.
That's estimating this parameter.
Plus some estimate of the true slope of the regression line.
So this is just a statistic,
this b, is just a statistic
that is trying to estimate the true parameter, beta.
Now when we went
and inputted these data points into a computer,
we got values for a and b right over here.
A is equal to this, the constant coefficient.
And then the reaction coefficient,
this is just telling us,
hey, for every incremental change in the reaction,
how much would we expect the memory time to change.
Or for every change in x,
how much would we expect for a change in y.
So this is actually our estimate
of the slope of the regression line.
Now you could imagine,
every time you take a different sample,
you might get a different estimate of these things.
And when we're doing inferential statistics,
we set up hypotheses.
You set up a null and an alternative hypothesis.
And then null hypothesis is always the no news here.
And no news, when you're dealing with regressions
is that even though you might suspect
there's a positive linear relationship,
even though you might see it in the data you got,
it's for your null hypothesis,
you wanna assume
that there is no positive linear relationship.
So our null hypothesis here
would be that the true slope of the true regression line,
this, the parameter right over here,
is equal to zero.
So beta is equal to zero.
So our null hypothesis actually might be
that our true regression line
might look something like this.
That what y is, is somewhat independent of what x is.
And that if you suspect
that there is a positive linear relationship,
you could say something like,
well, my alternative hypothesis
is that my beta is greater than zero.
Or if you suspect
that there's just some linear relationship,
you don't know if it's positive or negative,
then you might say that the beta is not equal to zero.
But here it says he noticed or he suspects
a positive linear relationship.
So this would be his alternative hypothesis.
But what you then want to do
to test your null hypothesis,
which we've done multiple, multiple times,
is find a test statistic
that is associated with the statistic for b
that you actually got.
Now ideally, you would take your b,
you would take your b,
and from that,
subtract the
slope assumed in the null hypothesis,
so the slope of the regression line you get
minus the slope
that's assumed from the null hypothesis.
And then divide by the standard deviation
of the sampling distribution
of the slope of the regression line.
And if you did this,
you would get a,
it would be appropriate to use
a z statistic over here.
Now, the problem is,
is that we don't know exactly what
the standard deviation of the sampling distribution is.
But we can estimate it.
We can calculate
the slope that we got for our sample regression line
minus the slope we're assuming in our null hypothesis,
which is going to be equal to zero,
so we know what we're assuming.
And we can calculate the standard error
of the sampling distribution.
And in fact, our computer has already done it for us.
And this is an estimate of this.
And we know what number that is.
So we know what all of these numbers are,
but if you're using an estimate
of the standard deviation of the sampling distribution,
we've seen this before.
When we've done inferential statistics using,
for means, it is appropriate to use a t statistic.
But with that said, pause the video.
What is this going to be equal to?
Well, this is going to be equal to
the slope for our sample regression line,
we know it's 14.686
minus our assumed true population parameter,
the slope of the true regression line,
well, we're assuming that it's zero.
So minus zero.
And then we divide that by the standard error
which is going to be,
we can use this as a standard error for b.
And so this is divided by 13.329.
So it's just going to be 14.686 divided by 13.329.
And if we assume,
if we're doing a one sided test here,
what we would then do is take this t statistic
and think about the degrees of freedom.
And then say, and then calculate a p value.
What is the probability of getting a result
at least this far above t is equal to zero,
or what is the probability of getting a t statistic
this high or higher
and that would be our p value.
And if that's below some threshold,
that's hey, that's pretty unlikely.
Then we would reject the null and
that which would suggest the alternative.
But they're not asking us to do all of that.
They're just asking us to calculate
an appropriate test statistic,
which we have just done.