The goal of this video is to start with our definition of
the cross product and the result that we started off
with or that we got to in a different video-- I think it
was three videos ago-- where we found out that the dot
product of two nonzero vectors, a dot b, is equal to
the product of their lengths.
So the product of the length of a with the length of b
times the cosine of the angle between them.
We're going to start with these two things.
This definition of a cross product in R3, the only place
it really is defined, and then this result.
And we want to get to the result that the length of the
cross product of two vectors.
And so obviously, when you take a cross
product you get a vector.
But if you take its length you get a number again, you just
get a scalar value, is equal to the product of each of the
vectors' lengths.
It's the product of the length of a times the product of the
length of b times the sin of the angle between them.
Which is a pretty neat outcome because it kind of shows that
they're two sides of the same coin.
Dot product has cosine, cross product has sin.
I'm sure you've seen this before.
Well you definitely have seen it if you've watched my
physics playlist. And I even do a whole video where I talk
about the intuition behind what this really means.
And I encourage you to re-watch that, and I'll
probably do that again in the linear algebra context.
But the point of this video is to prove this to you.
Is to prove that with this and this, I can get to this.
Now if you're just believe me, and you just say, oh I've seen
that before.
And I just think it definitely is the case, then you don't
have to watch the rest of this video because I'll tell you
right now, it's going to get dirty.
It's going to be a hairy, hairy proof.
But if you're willing to watch and bear with me, let's start
proving this result.
So the place I'm going to start is with the idea of
taking the length of a cross b squared.
That's a cross b right there.
So I'm essentially taking the length of this vector squared.
And we saw in many videos and I've used this idea multiple
times, that if I just have some arbitrary vector, let me
just say some arbitrary vector.
And I take its length squared, that's just equal to that
vector dotted with itself or the square of each of its
terms summed up all the way to xn squared.
So what will this be equal to?
Well this is just equal to that vector.
And we only have three components, so it's equal to
the sum of the squares of each of these components.
Let me write this down.
It's equal to this term squared.
So let me write that down.
a2 b3 minus a3 b2 squared.
Plus this term squared.
So plus a3 b1 minus a1 b3 squared.
And then finally, plus that term squared.
So plus a1 b2 minus a2 b1 squared.
And what is this equal to?
Well let's just expand it out.
Let's expand that out.
So this term right here, we're just going to have to do our
expansion of the square of a binomial.
And we've done this multiple times.
So this is going to be equal to a2 squared b3 squared.
And then we're going to have these two multiplied by each
other twice.
So minus 2.
I'm just multiplying this out.
Minus 2 times a2 a3 b2 b3.
I'm just rearranging them to get the order right.
Plus a3 squared b2 squared.
That term squared.
Then I have to add this term.
So plus a3 squared b1 squared minus 2 times both of these
terms multiplied.
Minus 2 times a1 a3 b1 b3.
Plus that term squared.
a1 squared b3 squared.
And then finally, this term squared.
So plus a1 squared b2 squared minus 2 times a1 a2 b1 b2.
Plus a2 squared b1 squared.
So there you go.
And let's see if we can write this in a form-- well, I'm
going to write this in a form that I know
will be useful later.
So what I'm going to do is I'm going to factor out the a2,
a1, a3 squared terms. So I could write this as-- let me
pick a new neutral color.
So this is equal to, if I just write a1 squared, where's my
a1 squared terms?
I got that one right there and I have that one right there.
So a1 squared times b2 squared plus b3 squared.
This would be 3 squared.
Good enough.
Now where are my a2 squared terms?
a plus a2 squared times-- I have that one and that one.
So times b1 squared.
That's that.
Plus b3 squared.
And then finally, let me pick another new color.
I can go back to yellow.
Plus a3 squared times-- well that's that
term and that term.
So b1 and b2.
So b1 squared plus b2 squared.
And obviously, I can't forget about all of that mess that I
have in the middle, all of this stuff right here.
So plus, or maybe I should write minus 2 times all of
this stuff.
Let me just write it real fast. So it's a2 a3 b2 b3 plus
a1 a3 b1 b3.
Plus a1 a2 b1 b2.
There you go.
Now let's put this aside for a little bit.
Let me put this on the side for a little bit.
We'll let that equation rest for a little while.
And remember, this is just an expansion of the length of a
cross b squared.
That's all this is.
So just remember that.
And now, let's do another equally hairy and cumbersome
computation.
Let's take this result up here.
We know that the magnitude or the length of a times the
length of b times the angle between them is
equal to a dot b.
Which is the same thing as if we actually do the dot
product, a1 times b1 plus a2 times b2 plus a3 times b3.
Now, just to kind of make sure that I get to do the hairiest
problem possible, let's take the square of both sides.
If we square this side, you get a squared b
squared cosine squared.
Then you got a dot b squared or you get
this whole thing squared.
So what's this whole thing squared?
For me, it's easier to just write out the thing again.
Instead of writing a square, just multiply that times a1 b1
plus a2 b2 plus a3 b3.
And let's do some polynomial multiplication.
So first, let's multiply this guy times each of those guys.
So you have a1 b1 times-- well there a1 b1.
I'm going to do it right here.
You get a1 squared b1 squared plus a1-- plus this
guy times this guy.
Plus a1 a2 times b1 b2.
Plus this guy times that guy.
Plus a1 a3 times b1 b3.
Fair enough.
Now let's do the second term.
We have to multiply this guy times each of those guys.
So a2 b2 times a1 b1.
Well that's this one right here.
a2 b2 times a1 b1.
I wrote it right here because this is really the same term
and eventually, we want to simplify that.
So that's that times that guy.
Then we have this guy times that over there.
So let me write it over here.
So that's a2 squared b2 squared.
Put a plus right there.
And then finally, this middle guy times this third guy.
So let me write it over here.
Plus-- so a2 a3 b2 b3.
Now, we only have one left.
Maybe I'll do it in this blue color.
I have to multiply this guy times each of those guys.
So a3 b3 times a1 b1.
That's the same thing as this term right here.
Because you have a3.
Let me write it right here.
You have a3 b3 times a1 b1.
Then you have this guy times that guy, which is this
because it's a3 b3 times a2 b2.
Let me put a little plus sign there.
And then finally, you have this guy times himself.
So you have a3 squared b3 squared.
And so if you add up all of this business
here what do you get?
I'll switch to another color.
You have a1 squared b1 squared.
Plus, and I'm doing these colors in a certain way on
purpose, plus a2 squared b2 squared.
Plus a3 squared b3 squared.
Plus, and let me do it in this, I'll do it in white.
Plus, what do you have here?
You have this term times 2.
And then you have this term times 2.
So plus 2 times a1-- let me write that down.
Plus 2 times a1 a2 b1 b2-- that's that term.
Plus this one right here.
Plus a1 a3 b1 b3.
Finally, plus this one.
a2 a3 plus b2 b3.
And you might have noticed something interesting already.
If you compare this term right here, if you compare that guy
right there to this guy right there, they're the same thing.
You have an a1 a2 b1 b2, a1 a2 b1 b2.
This term and that term are the same.
Let's look at the other terms. Let me pick a nice color.
a1 a3 b1 b3, a1 a3 b1 b3.
That term and that term is the same.
And then finally, if you compare a2 a3 b2 b3.
This shouldn't be a plus.
This is just this one.
So a2 a3-- they're all multiplied.
a2 a3 b2 b3, a2 a3 b2 b3.
This term and this term is the same.
And in this expression, when we expanded it out, we have 2
times this, positive 2 times this.
And this term right here when we expanded it out, we have
minus 2 times this.
So let's see if we can simplify things a little bit.
So what happens if we add this guy to this guy?
Let's do it.
So it's a little exciting.
So we get a cross b, the length of that squared.
And we're going to add to that this expression right here, so
plus the length of a squared times the length of b squared
times the cosine of the angle between them squared.
What's that going to equal?
It's going to be equal to this thing plus this thing.
Let's do a simplification.
What's this thing plus this thing?
Well we already said this is the minus 2 times this.
This is the plus 2 times this.
So this guy-- let me be very clear.
This right here is going to cancel out.
When we add the two terms it's going to cancel
out with this guy.
These guys are going to cancel out.
Thank God.
Cancel out.
Makes our life a little bit easier.
And what are we left with?
We're left with this right here plus that right there.
Then we see we have an a1 squared term, so we just add
the coefficients on the a1 squared.
We add the coefficients of the a2 squared.
We add the coefficients of the a3 squared,
and what do we get?
We get a1 squared times this coefficient plus this
coefficient.
So you get b1 squared plus b2 squared plus b3 squared.
Things are starting to look a little bit
orderly all of a sudden.
And then you have plus a2 squared times all of their
coefficients added up.
So b1 squared plus b2 squared plus b3 squared.
And then finally, in yellow, you have plus a3-- sorry, I
was trying to do that in yellow.
You have a3 squared and you have that.
You have b1 squared, b2 squared and b3 squared.
So b1 squared plus b2 squared plus b3 squared.
And as you see, we're multiplying all of these
things by this b1 squared plus b2 squared plus b3 squared, so
we can actually factor that out and we get something very
interesting.
So this is equal to, if we factor this thing out of all
the terms, we get b1 squared plus b2 squared plus b3
squared times my a squared terms. Times a1 squared plus
a2 squared plus a-- I'm getting excited, the home
stretch is here-- a3 squared.
So these two things are equal to each other.
But what's this thing?
What's another way I could write this?
This is the same thing as b dot b or the length of my
vector b squared.
And what's that?
That's the length of my vector a squared.
This is my length of my vector a squared.
That's just a dot a.
Let me rewrite everything.
So we have the length of a-- that's a darker green.
a cross b squared plus this thing.
Plus the length of-- plus, let me actually just
copy and paste it.
It gets monotonous.
Plus that thing right there.
Why isn't it?
If I control, copy and paste.
So it's not working.
All right, so plus that thing.
The length of a squared times the length of b squared times
the cosine of the angle squared between
them is equal to that.
Now what if we subtract this from both sides?
What do we get?
We get the length of a cross b squared is equal
to this minus this.
And we can factor-- so let me write that.
Actually, let me just subtract this on this line.
So if I subtract it from both sides, I could get that out
there and I'll put the minus the length of a squared times
the length of b squared times the cosine squared of the
angle between them.
And we can factor this a squared b squared, the lengths
of the two vectors out, right?
I'm just switching the order.
So this is equal to the lengths of a squared times the
length of b squared times-- and this is exciting-- time,
when you factor this out of this, you just get a 1, minus
cosine squared of theta.
And what is 1 minus cosine squared of theta?
Well, sin squared of theta plus cosine-- this is the most
basic trig identity.
Sin squared of theta plus cosine squared of theta is
equal to 1.
So if you subtract cosine squared from both sides you
get sin squared of theta is equal to 1 minus cosine
squared of theta.
So this is sin squared of theta.
And then what happens if you take the square
root of both sides?
This is really exciting.
You get the length of vector a crossed with vector b is equal
to the length of vector a times the length of vector b
times the sin of the angle between them.
I just took the square root of both sides of this.
And we finally get our result.
I never thought I would get here.
And so hopefully you're satisfied.
You never have to take this as kind of a
leap of faith anymore.
And hopefully you're satisfied with this.
And I'm going to stop recording this video before I
make a careless mistake or the power goes out; that would
ruin everything.