- [Voiceover] We've been giving a lot of attention to our
old friend glucose, the monosaccharide glucose
that is the building block of things like glycogen
and starch and chitin,
and what I want to do in this video is give a little
attention to another fairly prominent monosaccharide,
and that is fructose.
That is fructose, often known as fruit sugar,
and on its own, as a monosaccharide,
it is actually the sweetest of all the sugars, fructose,
and so let's compare the two.
So the first thing that might jump out at you,
and I encourage you to do this actually.
These two molecules, these would be helpful ones
to actually just be able to draw on your own because
you will see these many, many, many times
in your biological and in your chemistry and your
organic chemistry careers,
but if we just compare these two, we see that they both
have six carbons, so for both of them,
the chemical formula, you would have
six carbons and then you see that they both have,
they both have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven,
eight, nine, 10, 11, 12.
One, two, three, four, five, six, seven,
eight, nine, 10, 11, 12.
They both have 12 hydrogens,
and to round it all out, they both have six oxygens,
one, two, three, four, five, six.
One, two, three, four, five, six.
So they both have six oxygens.
So they are, they have the same chemical formula
but they are different molecules, so that makes them
isomers, and as we will see, they are structural isomers,
the different constituents, these,
the constituent carbons, hydrogens and oxygens
are bonded in a different way,
which makes them structural isomers,
and when you inspect it a little bit, there's a,
there's one main thing that jumps out at you.
On the glucose molecule, when it's in its
straight chain form,
we're gonna think about it,
think about them both in their cyclical forms in a second,
but when they're in the straight chain form,
the glucose molecule has a carbonyl group
at the number one carbon, if we start numbering up here.
So if we start numbering one, two, three, four,
five, six, the glucose straight chain has a carbonyl group
at its one carbon while the fructose molecule
has a carbonyl group, let's see,
one, two, three, four, five, six,
at the number two carbon.
Remember, carbonyl group is just a carbon double bonded
to an oxygen, so it has a carbonyl group bonded at its
number two oxygen,
and that's the main structural difference,
even if you look at the way that I've drawn these,
a hydroxyl group, you have three hydroxyl groups on,
on the right side,
then you have one on the left, three on the right,
one on the left,
and so the main difference is just what we did over here.
And just to get a little bit more experience with our,
with our names for our different functional groups,
when we studied glucose we knew that, look, if you have
a carbonyl group that's at the end of a carbon chain,
so, this carbon in the carbonyl group is bonded
to a hydrogen and then the rest of the carbon chain,
you would call this, right over here,
you would call this an aldehyde functional group.
Aldehyde, aldehyde functional group and it makes,
it makes the entire molecule,
it allows it to be categorized as an aldehyde.
Over here, where the carbon in the carbonyl group isn't
at the end of the chain, it's in the middle of the chain,
or its in the midst of the chain, so to speak,
it's not exactly in the middle, but it's,
this carbon is bonded to two different carbons.
We call this molecule a ketone,
and this would be a ketone functional group
because it's bonded,
it's bonded to two carbons, so this fructose,
fructose, would be,
fructose would be considered a ketone,
and now let's think about how it might form
a cyclical form, and as we've talked about before,
the straight chain and the cyclical form, they can be
in equilibrium if they are in an aqueous solution.
And what I'm drawing here, these aren't the only
forms that glucose takes on, but if you were to look it up
in a text book or on the internet,
you will most typically, this is what is most prevalent
in nature as well when you're talking about the cyclical
forms, find glucose in a six,
in a six-member ring right over here,
where five of them are carbons and then you have
an oxygen,
while fructose is most typical in a five-member ring,
where four of them are carbons and then one of them
is oxygen.
Glucose can form a six-member ring,
when you have a six-member ring,
when you have a carbohydrate that involves a six-member
ring where one of the items is an oxygen like this,
you call this a pyranose.
Pyranose, so that's a carbohydrate ring where it has
six members, one of which is oxygen,
and when you have five members,
one of which is oxygen, this is called a furanose.
Furanose ring.
And actually, fructose can be found in either a furanose
form or a pyranose form, but the furanose form
is the one that's most typical and when people think
of fructose as a ring, they most typically think of it
in this form.
Well how does this form,
how does this form form?
Especially in comparison to what's happening in glucose?
Well when we saw,
what we saw in glucose,
in both cases, what you're going to do is have an attack
on the carbon that's part of the carbonyl group,
so, over here, that is the number one carbon.
This is the number one carbon here,
and over here, this is the number two carbon.
This is the number two carbon.
The number two carbon, right over there,
and in both cases, you have,
if you want to form these forms,
over here we have the,
we had the oxygen that's in,
the oxygen in the hydroxyl group attached to
the number five carbon.
The oxygen in the hydroxyl group attached to
the number five carbon.
This is the one, two, three, four, five carbon.
This oxygen is what does,
is what forms the bond,
is what forms this bond up here when you were talking
about glucose, and over here,
on fructose, once again, we look at the number five,
the oxygen on the hydroxyl group on the number five
carbon, so we look at this hydroxyl group right over here,
that's this hydroxyl group right over here,
and this oxygen,
this oxygen does,
forms a bond,
forms a bond with the carbon in the carbonyl group,
and when that happens, that allows one of these,
that allows one of these bonds in these double bonds
or one of the two double bonds
to instead be released from the carbon and then essentially
form a bond,
form a bond with a proton floating around.
That proton is actually likely to be involved
in a hydronium molecule.
And the same thing would've happened in glucose
right over here.
This, one of the two double bonds could now be used
to form a bond,
to form a bond with a hydrogen proton,
and so it's essentially the same mechanism.
The reason why this is a five-member ring involving four
carbons versus a six-member ring involving five carbons,
is just the carbonyl group is on a,
is kind of one further down the chain than it is
in the glucose, and so that's why this forms this,
this pentagonal shape right over here,
and we've talked about it in other videos.
Fructose will, I've already talked about it in this video,
fructose is the sweetest of all of the monosaccharides,
the sweetest sugar, and when we talk about table sugar,
the sugar that you might put into your tea or your coffee,
that table sugar, that's called sucrose.
Sucrose, sucrose,
and it's a disaccharide made up of glucose and fructose,
and the way that you form the bond, it's still happening
through our dehydration synthesis,
where you have the,
where you would have the oxygen
on the number one carbon in glucose,
this one over here,
let me do this in a color that I have not used yet.
See I've used almost every color, so this is difficult.
But I will, well I'll just use this green.
This oxygen, essentially, can form a bond,
can form a bond with the,
with the number two carbon on the fructose,
and when it forms that bond, then this guy,
this bond right over here, can be,
let me do that in a different color,
this bond can be then,
it can then go back to the oxygen or if you really want
to think about it in another way,
it can then be used to form a bond,
it can be used to form a bond with some hydrogen proton
floating around, so essentially,
it's gonna be a carbon bonded to an oxygen
which is then going to be bonded to another,
which is then going to be bonded to another carbon,
and then someone else can, you know,
some other water molecule
might be able to sop up this hydrogen proton right over here
and then you would have,
you would have your bond,
that type of bonds that we're familiar with,
these glycosidic linkages that we have when we have
dehydration synthesis, these linkages that are really
the basis for how we start with monosaccharides
and we, and we create,
and we create disaccharides, and if we keep going,
we could create polysaccharides, so sucrose,
sucrose is, one way to think about it,
if I have my,
if I have my glucose up here,
if my glucose,
actually let me just draw it this way,
so you have a glucose,
whoops,
you have your glucose,
glucose forms,
forms a glycosidic bond
with your fructose,
with your fructose right over here
and that's what sucrose is,
and to really visualize it properly, you kind of have to
flip this fructose over and then move it up here
and then they could,
they could,
this character can then form a bond with this carbon
right over there.