[music]
How do you recognize the work of Pierre-Auguste Renoir,
the great impressionist painter?
-Renoir is always interested in the human figure
and interactions between the human figures,
but he's equally interested
in capturing the effects of outdoor light.
-There's also so often a real sense of sensuous pleasure,
a pleasure in the interaction of the figures.
-I think there's often flirting going on.
-Yes, there is.
-And that's clearly what's happening here.
So we have this wonderful exchange of glances
much more than his colleague Monet.
We really have attention to the human figures, their faces,
their expressions,
and so although the key male figure in the foreground
has his back to us,
we still get a real sense of who he is.
-Look at the arch of his back.
He's got his left hand in his pocket,
his left leg is slightly bent,
his right hand seems to be gesturing,
and all of his attention is focused on the young girl
who stands on a swing to his right.
-He feels quite certain of his ability
to interest this very young woman.
-But she's being a bit coy.
She does not return his glance.
She's looking off to her left even as her arms are open to him.
-Everyone is posed so naturalistically
we really feel like we've got a caught moment in time here.
The male figure who faces us
who's partially obscured by that tree,
you can see his right hand holding the side of that tree
as he relaxes his body against it
and little girl who clasps her hands
and looks up the man who's doing the flirting.
-So the glances are complicated.
The man who faces away from us is looking at the girl.
The girl looks off to her left.
The man who faces us
seems to be looking directly at the other male figure,
and the girl seems to be enjoying
the interaction between the two.
-Right, and that exchange of glances,
I think it's very typical of Renoir,
but it's balanced by this overwhelming interest
in painting the effects of outdoor light.
This was likely largely painted out of doors,
and we have this effect of dappled sunlight on the ground,
of that sunlight streaming through the trees.
-And this was an aspect
that the critics were particularly unhappy with.
-Well there are touches of pinks and purples
to stand for sunlight and shadow.
This is not the way
that artists were supposed to paint light and shadow
according to the rules of the academy
and the school of fine arts in Paris.
-Well there's also this exaggeration,
this amplification of color.
The shadows are bluish-purple.
The whites from the sun are pinks and yellows and oranges,
and so there's a heightened coloration,
a heightened sensitivity to the moment.
-I can imagine Renoir looking at this landscape,
looking at the scene and saying to himself,
I'm going to forget what I was taught about how to paint,
how to draw, how to render forms in three-dimensional space
using light and shadow and contour.
If I forgot all those things and suddenly opened my eyes,
what colors would I see, what shapes would I see,
a kind of naive eye that seeks to forget the teachings
of how to make art and to just be very open
to visual optical experiences.
-And so form is constructed here mostly with color
and with tone, with light.
There are no sharp edges. There are no sharp contours.
There are no lines that help define form.
This is one observed color against another.
-And that loose brushwork, that sketchiness,
is one of the hallmarks of impressionism
and certainly something
that went against the rules of the Academy.
There is a real sense too of imbalance here.
-You have three figures on one side and a tree,
and then you only have the woman on the right.
Look at the rope that holds the swing.
It bows out.
So you almost have a sense
of as she's stepping up on that swing with one foot,
there's a tipping; it's a kind of imbalance there
that is part of the structure of the painting itself.
-And so despite the fact that the painting feels
like it's entirely in motion,
this is also a careful figural study.
-What we're noticing is that even though this seems so spontaneous
and such a sense of a caught moment,
this is, nevertheless, a very carefully composed painting.
[music]