- [Derek] For some people,
this room might be the scariest place on earth.
Behind these black curtains are deadly spiders,
(tense ominous music)
hundreds of them.
And what we're gonna do is poke them, make them angry,
and then suction the venom that appears at the end
of their really long fangs.
Well, this is about as close
as I ever want to get to a funnel-web.
And we're doing it for a very good reason.
This is a funnel-web spider.
They live around Sydney,
which just happens to be one of Australia's biggest cities,
and they build underground burrows,
which are distinctive,
because of the funnel shape of the web at the entrance,
hence the name funnel-web.
But because they feel safe in dark, cool places,
they can end up having unexpected run-ins with people.
- What happens is during the breeding season,
the male funnel-web will leave his burrow,
and he moves around only at night, looking for the females,
but sometimes he gets, you know, a bit adventurous,
and he might leave his burrow, go too far from it,
and so in the morning, once the sun starts to come up,
he's too far from his burrow to go back to it,
so he kind of has a little freak out,
and has to find somewhere temporary to hide out
during the day.
And so what he'll do is he'll head into a nice, dark,
safe spot, like a pile of clothing,
or a pair of shoes on the ground.
- [Derek] You'll often see Australians
bang their shoes together
before putting them on just in case.
If you are unlucky enough to get bitten, it'll be painful,
because their fangs can be up to one centimeter long,
that's longer than many snake fangs,
and the venom delivered is fast-acting and deadly.
- We only milk the males,
because they are six times more toxic,
so the males venom actually produces
a higher quality anti-venom.
So the fastest time that we've seen an adult die
from a male funnel-web spider was about 76 minutes,
so just over an hour.
So it's a very fast-acting, rapid venom.
- Ideally, you wanna stay calm, still,
and apply a pressure immobilization bandage,
and then get to the hospital as soon as possible.
The venom contains a mixture of proteins,
notably the delta hexatoxin.
As it travels through your bloodstream,
you'll begin to sweat, twitch, salivate, and get goosebumps.
This is because the venom acts on nerve cells, neurons.
Under normal conditions,
neurotransmitters trigger neurons to open ion gates,
and positively-charged sodium ions flood in.
The dramatic swing from negative to positive
triggers the release of neurotransmitters
to the next neuron, and then the ion gates close,
and the cell returns to its resting state,
but funnel-web venom stops the ion channels from closing.
So the neuron unleashes a flood of neurotransmitters,
like adrenaline, throughout the nervous system.
So muscles, normally under precise control,
receive rapid chaotic signals
causing them to tense up or spasm,
which is a big problem for the heart,
which begins to pump faster, raising blood pressure,
and spreading the venom further around the body,
and eventually your body runs out of neurotransmitters.
Without them, nerve cells can no longer tell muscles
what to do,
so you're effectively paralyzed,
and it's only a matter of time before your heart
or your lungs give out.
(slow tense music)
Humans are particularly unlucky,
funnel-web venom is not that deadly to most mammals.
- If something like your dog, or your cat,
or a rabbit gets bitten by a male funnel-web spider even,
even the male, they'll show very few symptoms
and then you could also be bitten by the exact same spider,
and be in a very severe way.
- [Derek] And that's because the effects of venom
are very species specific.
Delta hexatoxin binds to a specific site
of the sodium ion channels in primates, which causes chaos.
But that same spot isn't there in other mammals.
The lethality of this venom in humans
seems to be an accident.
- It only affects invertebrates,
which are their prey and also primates,
so it's really toxic to monkeys, and apes,
and of course, we are extremely badly affected by that.
- The first people arrived on the continent
around 70,000 years ago,
but this spider evolved 40 million years ago,
and it just happens to be extremely deadly to people.
So it seems like an unfortunate coincidence
that venom originally evolved
for effectiveness against insects
turns out to be deadly for us.
The people here at the Australian Reptile Park
try to prevent that by making life-saving anti-venom,
but to produce it requires collecting venom
from their stock of spiders.
- [Jake] We actually rely exclusively almost
on public donations in order to keep the collection going.
All of these spiders would've been caught up
by someone that has found it in their backyard,
or in their swimming pool, or something like that.
- You heard right,
funnel-web spiders can actually survive underwater
for up to 30 hours.
They do this by trapping tiny air bubbles
in the hairs on their abdomen.
So if you see a funnel-web spider
at the bottom of a swimming pool
that doesn't necessarily mean that it's dead.
- It's much more efficient for us to have spiders
handed in that are already adults,
they're moving around, they're mature males,
and we can start milking them straight away,
we haven't had to do any of the work to raise them.
And then, yeah, we'll milk them for that period of time.
- [Derek] Here's how you do it.
First, you poke it.
- [Jake] So that's kind
of the funnel-web spider defensive stance,
they'll raise in the air like that, and expose their fangs.
Sometimes they'll actually form drops of venom
just on the tip of each fang
- [Derek] Which is when we come in with a tiny vacuum.
- [Jake] You basically just use it as you would a pencil,
and just stroke the tip of the fang with that.
- [Derek] Okay, I see that I got a little bit.
- [Jake] Sucked a big drop up.
- [Derek] Well, this is about as close
as I ever want to get to a funnel web.
- Say we milk about 50 spiders a day.
If you were saying each spider produced four to five drops,
you know you're only talking about maybe 250 drops of venom.
What we've got in the end of the pipette there now
would be enough to kill perhaps a dozen or so adult humans.
- To get one vial of anti-venom,
they have to milk 150 spiders by hand.
That takes 12 hours.
12 hours out.
- It's a lot of work. - Milking a spider
to save one person. - Exactly, yeah.
- I mean I think that's worth it.
The venom is frozen, and sent down to a lab in Melbourne,
and there rabbits are injected with it.
Now, although it's not as toxic to rabbits
as it is to humans,
they still start with a low dose,
and then over a period of six months,
they gradually increase the dose
as the rabbits build up their immunity,
and once they can withstand six times the lethal dose,
their blood is collected,
and it gets spun on a centrifuge
to separate out the antibodies.
And it is these rabbit antibodies
that form the life-saving anti-venom.
Rabbits and people are similar enough
that rabbit antibodies can still neutralize funnel-web venom
inside our bodies.
Every year around 40 people get bitten
by funnel-web spiders
commonly from not checking their shoes in the morning.
- And fortunately, due to this program,
no one has died since 1981.
So for over 40 years now,
we haven't seen a single death from one
of these spiders.
- Before we end today,
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