Welcome to today's lecture. Today in the lecture what I would like to go over are the number
of different aspects of technology that are important for understanding the interaction
between technology and society in the context of global disruption. So, one of the things
you will see that Bill, Bonnie and myself talk a lot about is we like to put some definitions
out there. That's really important because people in this class are coming from all kinds
of different disciplines and it's pretty important that we understand the language that we are
using, and what is included and what is not included, and the different concepts that
we use because if we're not speaking the same language it is going to be hard to effectively
solve some of these difficult problems and to engage with some of these predicaments
that we find ourselves in. So, let's start by just looking at the word technology. Global
Disruption and Information Technology and IT is the name of the class, and technology
has some of the same roots as some of the other words we've been looking at in this
class. It is a Greek word and it's made up of two sort of smaller components, the first
one being logia, or the study of, and the second one, or the first part but the second
part I am going to address is techno which originally had the idea of art or craft or
skill. So together technology has its roots, the history of the development of the word
as the study of art or craft or skill. Well, that's not entirely how we think of it today,
and as you look at the ways in which it has been used over time by about 1859 the word
technology had taken on more of the framing that we use when we use it in the sense that
we specifically think of it as the study of mechanical or industrial arts, and increasingly
information art or data-driven technologies. So, technology as a word has been changing
over time, and about 1859 is when we started seeing it used the way we use it today. Now,
there are a lot of different ways in which people try and describe technology that are
less ways of defining the word for usage, and more thought-provoking ways of using the
term that helps us to think about what do we mean when we say technology? So, let me
give you a few of those. So, Alan Kay who is a computing pioneer likes to call technology
as "Anything that was invented after you were born." That's interesting because it draws
to the forefront the idea that people like to engage with technology over the course
of their lifetime in the sense that they see it progressing and they understand a little
bit about its trajectory. So, something that is technology is something that you saw and
you grew up with. A science fiction author, Arthur C. Clarke, has more of a literary approach
to it. He has a famous quite in which he says "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable
from magic." This idea draws out the idea that technology is often just a source of
wonder for us and we look to it to solve many of our problems and hope that like magic it
will just make it disappear. So, that sort of comes from a literary background. A kind
of a more humorous definition is something that is called Kranzberg's First Law of Technology.
It is humorous, but it draws out some of the idea that there are values that are embedded
in technology. The law is as follows. "Technology is neither good nor bad; nor is it neutral."
This idea tries to get us to think about the fact that just because you have a technology
doesn't mean that it is necessarily going to be used for something good, just like it's
not necessarily going to be used for something bad, but at the same time different technologies
certainly lend themselves to different kinds of uses. Think about a gun as a technology.
There are some sort of basic things that you can do with a gun that lend itself to law
enforcement and crime. It doesn't really lend itself very well to the same things that a
plow might be used for or a satellite might be used for. So, it's not explicitly good
nor bad, but it's not completely neutral either. When we talk about technology in this class
we are really focusing on information technology. We take a broad view of it though. So, obviously
we have the hardware aspects of information technology. For example, the computer chips
that are in laptops and in phones today. We also include the keyboards that we use to
type on, the monitors that we use to view things on, the displays that come in embedded
devices, the wires that connect those devices. That's all hardware, the physical stuff that
makes it information technology. There is also a conceptual part of information technology
which is the software. These are the apps that you download onto your android phone.
They are the programs that you run on your MAC laptop. It's the computer code which is
written by people and becomes the instruction for how this information technology is used
when it's a general purpose computing platform. Now, the reason why we say that this class
uses a broader approach to information technology is because we also include some of the infrastructure
that is needed in order to make information technology work. So, that important infrastructure
includes things like electricity. Most of our computers cannot work unless they are
at some point plugged into a wall. There is the cloud now, the sense in which there is
computing that is out there far away in data centers. It's not part of a phone that you
are carrying or the laptop that you are typing notes on, but it is increasingly critical
to doing the things that we expect our computers to do. For websites to run, for banks to operate,
for us to be able to order something online. We also think about the wireless spectrum,
or the process by which we allocate different frequencies in the atmosphere so that cell
phones can communicate, WiFi can operate, televisions can broadcast. These are all part
of the infrastructure. We even go so far as to say that people interacting with technology
are part of the infrastructure of information technology. Technologies are likely designed
for people, and if they are not designed with people in mind they are not going to be a
very good information technology. So, the Information Technology Association of America
defines information technology very well and the way that we would largely agree with,
as the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information
systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. To that in our class
we will include infrastructure and people. So, this picture here is an artist's representation
of technology. It looks a little bit like The Matrix, or Minority Report, or Iron Man,
or some kind of advanced user interface that is out there, and we sometimes think about
technology as if it is this thing that was just handed down from the sky like a mountain,
or like a river, and we forget that at the end of the day all this complicated technology
is made by people. It's made by people who were like you at one point. I think that Steve
Jobs, one of the visionaries in Apple computers, did a good job in describing it as follows.
He says, "When you grow up you tend to get told that the world is the way that it is
and your life is just to live your life inside the world. Try not to bash into the walls
too much. Try to have a nice family, have fun, save a little money. That's a very limited
life. Life can be much broader once you discover one simple fact. Everything around you that
you call life was made up by people that were no smarter than you and that you can change
it, and you can influence it, and you can build your own things that other people can
use." Steve Job, you know, really lived out this quote in a lot of ways, and we want to
sort of impress upon you that you can also use technology to change the world. That's
one of the things that you are going to get out of this.