We left off the last video at the end of 1789.
The Bastille had been stormed in July as Parisians wanted to
get the weapons from the Bastille and free a few
political prisoners to, in their minds, protect
themselves from any tyranny from Louis XVI.
Louis XVI had reluctantly kind of gone behind the scenes and
said, OK, National Assembly, I'm not going to get in your
way anymore.
Because he's seen the writing on the walls that every time
he's done something, it's only led to even more extreme
counteraction.
So at the end of 1789, already chaos has broken loose in a
lot of France.
The National Assembly, they're in process of creating a
constitution, which won't fully happen until 1791.
But they're starting to bring things together in order to
draft that constitution.
But in August of 1789, they've already done their version of
the Declaration of Independence.
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
So if everything was well, we would just wait until a few
years, we'd get a constitution, and maybe we
would have some type of a constitutional monarchy.
But unfortunate, especially for Louis XVI,
things weren't all well.
As we mentioned, all of this was propagated, all of this
was started to begin with because people were hungry.
We have this fiscal crisis, we have a famine.
And so in October of 1789-- we're still in 1789-- October
of 1789-- rumors started to spread that Marie-Antoinette,
the king's wife, that she was hoarding grain at Versailles.
So people started imagining these big stacks of grain at
Versailles, and this is in a time where people couldn't get
their bread.
And bread was the main staple of the diet.
So there was actually a march of peasant women onto
Versailles.
And they were armed.
This is a depiction of the peasant women marching on
Versailles.
And they went to Versailles, and they actually were able to
get into the building itself.
And they demanded-- because they were suspicious of what
Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette were up to at Versailles--
they demanded that they move to Paris.
So the women's march.
And they were able to get their demands.
It resulted in Louis XVI and wife, Marie-Antoinette, moving
back to Paris, where they couldn't do
things like hoard grain.
And they'll be surrounded by all of the maybe
not-so-friendly people who could watch
what they're doing.
I think the main factor was that people are hungry, rumors
are spreading that the king is hoarding grain.
But there were also rumors that the king was being very
disrespectful to some of the symbols of the new France, of
the new National Assembly.
So that also made people angry.
And across the board everyone kind of knew, and including
Louis XVI, that he wasn't really into what was going on.
He wasn't into this kind of constitutional monarchy that
was forming, this power that was being lost to
the National Assembly.
So we have this very uncomfortable situation
entering into 1790, where the king and queen are essentially
in house arrest in a building called the Tuileries in Paris.
You have this National Assembly drafting this
constitution.
They're charted to draft the constitution up there.
They all pledged at the Tennis Court Oath.
And at the same time, throughout France, you have
some counter insurgencies.
This is France right here.
Throughout France you have counter insurgencies, people
who don't like the Revolution that's going on.
And then those would be subdued.
And people are all plotting one against each other.
And then you have some nobility, that says,
gee, you know what?
I don't like the way that this is going.
We've seen already a lot of violence.
People are angry.
I'm just going to take my money and whatever I can pack,
and I'm just going to get out of the country.
I'm going to emigrate away from the country.
So you start having nobility starting to leave France.
They're called the Emigres.
I know I'm not pronouncing it correctly.
But you see, you have this notion of gee, I had it good
in France, I'm not going to have it good much longer, I'd
better leave. And this same idea, now that we get to 1791.
So 1790 was just kind of a bunch of unease.
Now that we're at 1791, the same idea of trying to get
away from the danger got into the heads of Louis XVI and
Marie-Antoinette.
But they couldn't leave the country.
They didn't trust Great Britain.
They didn't trust any of these other countries to safely give
them shelter.
So one of their generals, who was sympathetic to their
cause, said, hey, at least come here to the frontier
areas and you could hide from all of the unrest
that's going on.
So dressed as actual servants-- and it shows you
what type of people they were--
they dressed as servants.
And they actually made their servants dress as nobility to
make them the targets in case they were ambushed anyway on
their way trying to escape from Paris.
Dressed as servants, the king and queen-- the king tried to
escape to this general's estate.
But when they were in Varennes, right here, they
were actually spotted.
And then the people essentially took them captive
and brought them back to Paris.
So this is called, or you could imagine this is the
flight to Varennes, or the flight away from Paris, or
however you want to do it.
So already, Louis XVI started to see the
writing on the wall.
They tried to get away.
But people brought them back.
Now you can imagine, a lot of people already did
not like the king.
They didn't like the notion of even having a king.
And the most revolutionary, the most radical elements,
were called the Jacobins.
And after the king and queen tried to escape and came back,
they were like hey, gee, what's the use of
even having a king?
You National Assembly, why are you even trying to write some
type of constitution that gives any power
whatsoever to a king?
We should have a republic.
Which is essentially-- there's a lot of kind of nuanced
definitions of what a republic is, but the most simple one is
it's a state without a king, without an
emperor, without a queen.
So they're saying, we don't need, you know-- you National
Assembly, you think you're being radical.
But you're not being radical enough.
We want to eliminate the idea of having a monarchy
altogether.
And the fact that Louis XVI actually tried to run away, we
view that as him abdicating the throne.
Abdication, or essentially quitting.
And they actually started to organize in Paris.
This right here is the Champ-de-Mars.
I know I'm saying it completely wrong.
This is a current picture of it.
And so they started taking signatures in this kind of
public park in Paris to essentially say, we
don't need a king.
We want to essentially create our own republic.
That this National Assembly, they're not radical enough.
And so people started gathering over here in the
Champ-de-Mars and things got a little ugly.
So the actual troops were sent in to kind of
calm everyone down.
And these were actually troops controlled by
the National Assembly.
The people who are mainly controlled
by the Third Estate.
But things got a little crazy.
Rocks were thrown at some of the troops.
Some of the troops, at first, they started
firing in the air.
But eventually when things got really crazy, they
fired into the crowd.
And about 50 people died.
And this was the massacre.
Or the Champ-de-Mars Massacre.
I know I'm saying it wrong.
This isn't a video on French pronunciation.
But you could imagine, now people are even angrier.
People are still starving.
That problem has not gone away.
The king and queen has been kind of very reluctantly--
everyone is suspicious of the fact that they're probably
going to try to come back to power.
They tried to run away.
When the Jacobins, or in general kind of
revolutionaries, but they're led by the Jacobins, when they
start to suggest that, hey, we should have a republic.
We shouldn't even have a king.
And they gather people here, all of a sudden, the troops
that are controlled by the current National Assembly
actually fire on the crowd, and actually kill civilians
for throwing rocks.
And they might have been big rocks.
But you can imagine, this is going to anger already hungry
and already suppressed people even more.
And to make people even more paranoid that the king and
queen might eventually come back to power, you had two
major powers all of a sudden trying to insert certain
themselves into the French Revolution.
I'm going to do a little bit of an aside here.
Because this is something, at least you when I first learned
European history, I found the most confusing.
You have these states, you can call them.
You have Austria, which I've highlighted in orange.
The kind of map here is a modern map.
But in orange, I've kind of shown what Austria was at that
point in time.
Around 1789, 1790, 1791.
In this red color, I have Prussia.
I want to show you that these are very different than our
current notions of one, Austria.
Austria today is this modern country right here.
And Prussia doesn't even exist as a modern country.
And then you had this notion of the Holy Roman Empire,
which overlaps with these other kingdoms, or empires, or
whatever you want to call them.
And I want to do a little bit of an aside here.
The Holy Roman Empire, as Voltaire famously said, is
neither holy nor Roman nor an empire.
And he was right.
It was really kind of a very loose confederation of German
kingdoms and states-- mainly German kingdoms and states.
As you can see, it kind of coincides with modern Germany.
And the two most influential powers in the Holy Roman
Empire, or actually the most influential power in the Holy
Roman Empire, was the Austrians.
And the ruler of the Austrians had the title
of Holy Roman Emperor.
And that was Leopold II.
But it's not like he was like the Roman Emperors of old.
The Roman Emperors of old actually came out of Rome.
Notice, nothing in the Holy Roman Empire at that time, it
had no control of Rome.
So it was not Roman, we're not talking about
people who spoke Latin.
We're talking about people who spoke Germanic languages.
And it wasn't an empire.
That it wasn't a tightly knit kind of governance structure.
It was this loose confederation of states.
But what was the most influential was the region
that was under control of the Habsburgs of Austria, or
Leopold II.
And not only was he in control, or not only did he
have the title of Holy Roman Empire, and essentially had
control of the Austrian, I guess you could say Empire, at
that point in time.
He was also Marie-Antoinette's brother.
Leopold II, that's her brother.
So Leopold II and Frederick William II of Prussia, which
is another mainly Germanic state.
Let me do that in a better color.
They issued the Declaration of Pillnitz.
Let me write this down.
So this is going to add even more insult to injury to just
the general population of France.
The Declaration of Pillnitz.
And this was done in August. so I just want to make it very
clear what happened.
In June of 1791, they tried to escape, they
were captured at Varennes.
Then in July of 1791, you have the Champ-de-Mars Massacre.
So already, people are very wary of the royals.
The idea that we don't need them is spreading.
And people are getting angrier.
And then you have the Declaration of Pillnitz by
these foreign powers, one of whom is essentially the
brother of the current French royalty.
And that declaration is essentially saying that they
intend to bring the French monarchy back to power.
They don't say that they're definitely going to do it in
military terms or whatever.
But it's a declaration that they do not approve of what's
going on in France.
And even though they themselves might have not
taken it too seriously, the people of France took it
really seriously.
You have these huge powers on their border right here.
You had the Austrians and the Prussians.
So this wasn't anything that people
could take very lightly.
So it only increased the fear that the royals were going to
do something to come back to full power and
really suppress people.
And it really gave even more fuel for the Jacobins to kind
of argue for some type of a republic.
So I'm going to leave you there in this video.
As you can see, we saw in the first video, things got bad.
Now they're getting really worst. Chaos is
breaking out in France.
People are questioning whether they even
need a king or queen.
Foreign powers are getting involved, saying hey, they
don't like what they're seeing there, with kings and queens
getting overthrown.
Maybe that'll give ideas to their people.
And by the way, I'm your brother, so I want to
help you out too.
That scares people even more.
The current National Assembly, which is kind of the beginning
of the Revolution, they themselves are on some level
massacring people.
So it's really leading to a really tense and ugly time in
French history.
And you're going to see that that's going to culminate with
what's called the Reign of Terror.
And we're going to see that in the next video.