In the last video, we took our first look
at the epsilon-delta definition of limits, which essentially
says if you claim that the limit of f of x as x approaches C
is equal to L, then that must mean by the definition
that if you were given any positive epsilon that it
essentially tells us how close we want f of x to be to L.
We can always find a delta that's
greater than 0, which is essentially telling us
our distance from C such that if x is within delta of C,
then f of x is going to be within epsilon of L.
If we can find a delta for any epsilon,
then we can say that this is indeed
the limit of f of x as x approaches C.
Now, I know what you're thinking.
This seems all very abstract.
I want to somehow use this thing.
And what we will do in this video is use it
and to rigorously prove that a limit actually exists.
So, right over here, I've defined a function, f of x.
It's equal to 2x everywhere except for x equals 5.
So it's 2x everywhere for all the other values of x,
but when x is equal to 5, it's just equal to x.
So I could have really just written 5.
It's equal to 5 when x is equal to 5.
It's equal to itself.
And so we've drawn the graph here.
Everywhere else, it looks just like 2x.
At x is equal to 5, it's not along the line 2x.
Instead, the function is defined to be
that point right over there.
And if I were to ask you what is the limit of f
of x as x approaches 5, you might
think of it pretty intuitively.
Well, let's see.
The closer I get to 5, the closer
f of x seems to be getting to 10.
And so, you might fairly intuitively make the claim
that the limit of f of x as x approaches 5 really
is equal to 10.
It looks that way.
But what we're going to do is use
the epsilon-delta definition to actually prove it.
And the way that most of these proofs typically go
is we define delta in the abstract.
And then we essentially try to come up with a way
that given any epsilon, we can always come up with a delta.
Or another way is we're going to try
to describe our delta as a function of epsilon,
not to confuse you too much.
But maybe I shouldn't use f again.
But delta equals function of epsilon
that is defined for any positive epsilon.
So you give me an epsilon, I just
put into our little formula or little function box.
And I will always get you a delta.
And if I can do that for any epsilon that'll always give you
a delta, where this is true, that if x is within delta of C,
then the corresponding f of x is going to be within epsilon
of L. Then the limit definitely exists.
So let's try to do that.
So let's think about being within delta of our C.
So, let's think about this right over here is 5 plus delta,
this is 5 minus delta.
So that's our range we're going to think about.
We're going to think about it in the abstract at first.
And then we're going to try to come up
with a formula for delta in terms of epsilon.
So how could we describe all of the x's that are in this range
but not equal to 5 itself?
Because we really care about the things
that are within delta of 5, but not necessarily equal to 5.
This is just a strictly less than.
They're within a range of C, but not equal to C.
Well, that's going to be all of the x's that satisfy x minus 5
is less than delta.
That describes all of these x's right over here.
And now, what we're going to do, and the way these proofs
typically go, is we're going to try
to manipulate the left-hand side of the inequality,
so it starts to look something like this,
or it starts to look exactly like that.
And as we do that, the right-hand side
of the inequality is going to be expressed in terms of delta.
And then we can essentially say well, look.
If the right-hand side is in terms
of delta and the left-hand side looks just
like that, that really defines how we can express delta
in terms of epsilon.
If that doesn't make sense, bear with me.
I'm about to do it.
So, if we want x minus 5 to look a lot more like this, when
x is not equal to 5-- in all of this, this whole interval,
x is not equal to 5-- f of x is equal to 2x,
our proposed limit is equal to 10.
So if we could somehow get this to be 2x minus 10,
then we're in good shape.
And the easiest way to do that is
to multiply both sides of this inequality by 2.
And 2 times the absolute value of something,
that's the same thing as the absolute value of 2 times
that thing.
If I were to say 2 times the absolute value of a,
that's the same thing as the absolute value of 2a.
So on the left-hand side right over here,
this is just going to be the absolute value of 2x minus 10.
And it's going to be less than on the right-hand side,
you just end up with a 2 delta.
Now, what do we have here on the left-hand side?
Well, this is f of x as long as x does not equal 5.
And this is our limit.
So we can rewrite this as f of x minus L is less than 2 delta.
And this is for x does not equal 5.
This is f of x, this literally is our limit.
Now this is interesting.
This statement right over here is almost
exactly what we want right over here,
except the right sides are just different.
In terms of epsilon, this has it in terms of delta.
So, how can we define delta so that 2 delta is essentially
going to be epsilon?
Well, this is our chance.
And this is where we're defining delta as a function of epsilon.
We're going to make 2 delta equal epsilon.
Or if you divide both sides by 2,
we're going to make delta equal to epsilon over 2.
Let me switch colors just to ease the monotony.
If you make delta equal epsilon over 2,
then this statement right over here
becomes the absolute value of f of x minus L
is less than, instead of 2 delta,
it'll be less than 2 times epsilon over 2.
It's just going to be less than epsilon.
So this is the key.
If someone gives you any positive number epsilon
for this function, as long as you make delta equal epsilon
over 2, then any x within that range,
that corresponding f of x is going
to be within epsilon of our limit.
And remember, it has to be true for any positive epsilon.
But you could see how the game could go.
If someone gives you the epsilon,
let's say they want to be within 0.5 of our limit.
So our limit is up here, so our epsilon is 0.5.
So it would literally be the range I want to be between 10
plus epsilon would be 10.5.
And then 10 minus epsilon would be 9.5.
Well, we just came up with a formula.
We just have to make delta equal to epsilon
over 2, which is equal to 0.25.
So that'll give us a range between 4.75 and 5.25.
And as long as we pick an x between 4.75 and 5.25,
but not x equals 5, the corresponding f of x
will be between 9.5 and 10.5.
And so, you give me any epsilon, I
can just apply this formula right over here
to come up with the delta.
This would apply for any real number.
I mean, especially any positive number.
For any epsilon you give me, I just
get a delta defined this way, and then I
can go through this arc.
If the absolute value of x minus 5 is less than delta,
if delta is defined in this way, which
I could define for any epsilon, then it
will be the case that f of x will
be within epsilon of our limit.