Abby Tang: In the "Black Mirror" episode "San Junipero,"
Yorkie and Kelly meet and fall in love
in a virtual afterlife.
And in this world, the possibilities are endless:
They can wear what they want,
be in whatever decade they want,
and die when they want, including never.
This technology might actually be more realistic
than finding the fountain of youth.
So, will uploading your brain to a computer
ever be possible?
Randal Koene: I'd be surprised and a bit dismayed
if we didn't have it within the century.
Abby: The concept of uploading an entire human brain -
thoughts, feelings, memories, the whole shebang -
and running it on a computer
is called whole brain emulation.
And there are three main areas of technology
that need to advance for it to be possible:
scanning, processing power and memory,
and environment.
Let's start with scanning,
since researchers will have to start there too.
The first bottleneck we're gonna hit is the connectome.
The connectome is a complete map of the brain,
basically the pot of gold
at the end of a rainbow for neuroscientists.
Brains are wildly complex.
Scientists have only been able to map
the complete connectome of one creature, a nematode,
and a nematode's brain has about 302 neurons.
A human brain has 86 billion,
not to mention the 10,000 or so connections
each neuron makes with other neurons.
Our current brain-scanning tech, like MRIs and MEGs,
just aren't good enough to map them all out.
There are other methods that could show us
a clearer picture, but they tend to be destructive.
Koene: So, the idea there,
once you've preserved a brain,
then you can slice it very thin
and observe everything that's in there.
You can reconstruct a lot of what's in the brain
from its structure.
Abby: For living brains,
the most promising scanning technology we're looking at
is electrodes with thousands of recording sites on them.
Koene: Now, it's extremely invasive,
in the sense that there's a lot of surgery involved.
Abby: These electrodes, when placed
on precise areas on the brain,
have the potential to show us
thousands of neurons at a time.
Koene: Because every single site can record
from multiple neurons and identify which neuron it is
based on the specific shape of action response.
Abby: Whichever way, the tech has to be capable
of scanning and recording massive amounts of data.
By massive, we mean zettas of pieces of information.
And we don't even know everything we're looking for yet.
Many neurotransmitters have yet to be discovered -
very necessary pieces of the connectome puzzle.
So even we have all the info,
if we don't know what we're looking at, then...
Koene: It's like a story that's written in a book,
but if nobody is reading it
and nobody's understanding the words,
then it's just black stuff on white stuff.
Abby: Right now, each scanned neuron
has to be interpreted by humans in real time,
zettas of information slowly sorted by hand.
If we even want to begin to read the connectome,
advanced machine learning and data mining
are gonna be pivotal.
Koene: Because otherwise you end up with systems
where the learning, the training of that model,
just tuning parameters, takes forever. Literally forever.
More time than there is in the universe,
just because of how exponentially that grows.
Abby: Computer processing power
has also shown smooth exponential growth
over the past century or so.
Similar can be said about computer memory.
If the pattern continues, we'll likely reach
the necessary processing requirements fairly soon.
But some experts worry we could be reaching
the end of Moore's law.
Koene: I also read that, and it also concerns me.
Abby: Moore's law at one point predicted
that computer power doubles every 18 months.
And in recent decades, these advances have slowed.
If they come to a halt,
our computers may never be fast enough
to sort through the data.
Koene: It concerns me largely because of that
big computational bottleneck that I mentioned earlier,
the one where you're trying to fit models,
and fitting models is really, really hard.
Abby: Once we get past that,
then we just might be able to get an emulated brain running.
One of these WBEs is called a SIM,
or substrate-independent mind.
The SIM would be an exact digital replica
of the mind it was emulated from.
And we're actually pretty close to memory requirements,
so we should have no problem storing SIMs
once we're able to create them.
But where they'll be stored
is a little bit different than where they'll live,
and we do mean live.
Would a SIM be conscious?
Koene: Yes.
Abby: Yes. Simple answer.
Koene: That is the simple answer.
Abby: And if a SIM is conscious,
it'll need to exist in a place
and interact with things.
In "Black Mirror," the characters spend
the rest of eternity in a luxurious beach town.
Right now, our virtual reality capabilities
aren't good enough to create a paradise like that.
To experience virtual reality in the way
that humans experience actual reality,
SIMs would need high-fidelity sensors and systems
to sense the world around them.
Graphics, at least, are constantly improving,
thanks to the speed and size of the video-game industry.
It's the rest of the senses that will need major work,
everything from tasting a rum and Coke
to feeling the pain of a car accident.
The bandwidth and signal complexity needed for this
shouldn't be underestimated.
And while virtual reality isn't the only option for a SIM,
actual reality would still require a few upgrades.
First, they'd need a robot avatar,
and robots are generally really good at only one thing.
One of the world's most advanced humanoid robots'
claim to fame is its ability to climb stairs.
Relatively impressive,
but not even close to replicating
the experience of having an actual human body.
Virtual reality offers a human experience and more.
In a digital world, SIMs could fly or teleport
or even turn into a lion
for a distinctly nonhuman experience.
So, once we figure out the technical side
of whole brain emulation,
there's still the philosophical part of the equation.
Would that emulation still be you?
Koene: You have to be very careful about
these scenarios when you paint them.
Abby: The simple answer is:
We're not quite sure.
Philosophers and scientists have debated, defined,
and redefined the concept of "you" for centuries,
and they're still doing it.
Marya Schechtman: If you think there's a difference
between getting incinerated and having a replica made
with a bunch of fake memories
and really continuing to exist,
tell me what that difference is.
Abby: Either way, you or another you,
a SIM is conscious, which adds a heaping helping
of ethics to this dilemma.
In the Amazon Prime show "Upload,"
SIMs can be owned by human beings,
giving them the right to delete their SIMs on a whim.
Is this murder?
Apparently not in the "Upload" universe,
but it is a question we'll need to answer in ours.