Welcome to Glossika intro series.
In this series, you will learn the basics of a language,
and in today's video, we will talk about the Turkish Language.
The Turkish Alphabet is very similar to English Alphabet,
most of the letters are almost the same,
except these few letters:
What makes Turkish language easy to learn is that the Turkish Language is very systematic
and very consistent, and the writing system is also very phonetic,
That means you can look at a written word and know how to pronounce it right away.
Turkish is an agglutinative language Agglutinative: meaning glue in Latin, means
that you are just gluing words together.
You are adding prefixes and suffixes instead of
using isolated words. Example:
kitaplarımda - in my books
As you can see, in English three separate words are used, while in Turkish they are
all glued to each other.
Plural (-ler, -lar)
To Make a word plural we add either -ler or -lar.
Which one to use depends on the last vowel of the word.
And these are the vowels in Turkish language.
for example, araba, the “a” is the last vowel of the word
while in the word okul, the “u” is the last vowel of this word.
look at the table below to see which suffix should be used to make a word plural
Now its your turn. Can you make these words plural?
You can pause the video if you need more time.
Comparative and Superlative: By simply adding “daha” at the beginning
of an adjective you can make it comparative,
and by adding “en” you can make it superlative. Example:
Exerecise: see if you can make these adjectives comparative and superlative
Pronouns. These are the subject pronouns in Turkish
Ben, Sen, O, Biz, Siz, Onlar.
In Turkish, when we use personal pronouns,
we should also attach the personal endings for that pronoun
For example,
I am a doctor. The personal pronoun ending for I, is this.
Because every personal ending is different,
so it is possible to omit the subject-pronoun and keep the personalendings only.
Let's look at another example.
Notice how the vowel change.
The reason why we use another vowel,
is because there's something in Turkish called: Vowel Harmony.
The vowel harmony, in phonology, is an assimilatory process in which the vowels of a word have
to be members of the same class,
thus "in harmony".
The rules are like this:
Let's look at this example.
Because the last vowel of the word is e, we have to use the 'im' ending.
Let's look at another example.
Because the last vowel of the word is I, that's why the 'sin' vowel is used
Look at this table to see all the personal endings
The letter 'y' is used, when the last letter of the word is a vowel
and then the personal suffix also starts with a vowel
the 'y' works as a buffer between the two vowels
In turkish language, two vowels should not come after one another
Let's look at the second example:
"I am a student." As you can see, the last vowel of the word is 'I', and the personal ending is also 'I'
When we have two vowels one after another, a letter 'y should be used in between the two vowels
We learn't how to say I am a student, I am a doctor
Now to say "I am not a student", or I am not a doctor,
We simply add the word "değil" between the word, and the personal ending.
Example:
And because the last vowel of the word değil is i,
and we add all the suffixes after the word değil,
They will always be in the same vowel group.
For example,
Pronouns of posession.
The pronouns of possession are also similar to subject pronouns.
When we use them, we should also add the correct ending.
Look at this table to see the pronouns of possession, and their possible endings.
The letters in the paranthesis are used, when the last letter is a consonant
And the letters in the square bracket are used when the last letter is a vowel
Let's look at this example: "My Car"
Because the word 'arabam' ends with a vowel,
So we only use the letter 'm'
Look at the next example, "My book"
Because the word book ends with a consonant, so we have to use the word in the parantheses
And here, we only use the words inside the square brackets.
when the last letter of the word is a vowel.
So the letter 's' works as a buffer between the two vowels.
for example
To say I have something in Turkish is very easy.
simply add the word -var after the personal suffix.
To say I don't have something, just change the -var to -yok, that's all
For example,
Look at this example: "I have a car"
Instead of saying "a car",
In Turkish, 'one car' is used
since there is no equivalent for the indefinite article 'a' in Turkish.
Asking questions.
Earlier we learned how to say you have, or you don't have something
by adding in -var, -yok after as suffixes.
Example: You have a cat.
Now to make it a question sentence,
we add one of these four words,
which one to use, again depends on the last letter of the vowel of the word
Verbs.
All Turkish verbs in infinitive state ends with either
-mak or -mek
For example, gitmek, vermek, konusmak, yapmak
so the -mek or -mak indicates that the verb is in an infinitive state
To get the root of a verb, just remove the -mak or -mek at the end of the verb
Present continuous tense
It is very easy to turn a verb into its present continuous form.
'-yor' is like the 'ing' in English
simply add the -yor after verb root, and then add the personal ending
For example, Calismak: to work.
Remove the -mak to get the verb root, and then add the -yor and then the personal ending.
As you can see, the only thing that's changing is the vowel in front of the -yor,
the your itself is not affected by the vocal harmony rules.
Let's look at a few examples.
And you will notice that the only thing that is changing is the first vowel of the tense.
Tonight make the present continuous tense negative is super simple.
You only have to add the letter M after the verb root. Example.
Past tense.
We learned how to add Present Continuous suffix to the root of the verbs.
To make a verb into the past tense, we use one of these four words.
Now which one to use again depends on the last vowel of the verb.
And we learned that based on the last vowel of the verb, the suffix changes,
same thing is true for the past tense.
For example,
A very important note:
If the last letter of the verb road is one of these letters,
then the letter D must be changed the letter T.
So instead of using these four, we should use these four words.
By adding either -ma or -me we can negate the past tense verb,
simply add the -ma and -me at the end of the verb root.
Note, we learned that we have to change the letter 'd' to 't',
if the last letter of the verb route is one of these letters.
But in the past tense when we add the negative -ma, -me,
we don't have to change the last letter.
Example:
A useful tip to remember all the letters
is to memorize these two words:
fıstıkçı şahap
Meaning the peanut seller şahap
Şahap is a name, fıstıkçı means the peanut seller.
If you look closer, you will see that these two words contain all the letters that you must memorize.
Future Tense by now you should have an idea how the Turkish grammar works.
How by adding a suffix you can change the tense of a verb.
The future tense is no exception.
The suffix for the future tense is a acak, ecek.
For example,
Now is a good time to talk about the consonant mutation.
When a vowel suffix is added to a word ending was one of these four letters,
the last letter of the word will change into another letter.
For example,
There are many more useful and important suffixes,
but we can talk about all of them in one video,
but for now, we will shortly talk about a few of them.
If you can remember and master the vowel harmony rules,
the consonant mutation and fıstıkçı şahap.
then you can easily learn and use all the new suffixes.
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