(jazzy piano music)
- [Steven] We're in the museums of the Vatican in Rome
and we're looking at an ancient over life sized sculpture
in marble called Augustus Primaporta.
- [Beth] This is the great Augustus,
the first emperor of Rome.
Rome had a period of being a republic.
There was a period of civil war that followed that
and Augustus emerges as the first emperor of Rome.
- [Steven] And the word Primaporta in the title
refers to a gate north of the city of Rome.
This sculpture was found on the estate of Livia,
who was Augustus' wife.
- [Beth] Who lived near the gate.
Now we think that this is actually a copy
of an original bronze sculpture
that was probably set up in public,
but this marble version was a private version
that was discovered in her home.
- [Steven] The bronze was probably made
around the year 19 or 20 BCE,
that is, during the lifetime of Augustus
after his military victory over
one of the great armies in the East, the Parthians.
- [Beth] The Parthians were victorious over Rome
several times in what the Romans considered
humiliating defeats.
- [Steven] But these were also
important symbolic victories.
The Parthians captured the Roman standards.
These were symbolic staffs that functioned like flags.
- [Beth] They were carried by the Roman legions into battle.
When you captured them,
it was a symbol of the defeat of Rome.
- [Steven] And so we think that this sculpture,
originally in bronze, was meant to celebrate
Augustus' great victory over the Parthians.
- [Beth] Finally, they had defeated this formidable enemy
and that happened under Augustus.
Now every part of this sculpture
speaks of Augustus and his reign.
This is all about the political ideology
of this new Augustan era.
- [Steven] We see an incredibly naturalistic handling
of the human body, of its musculature,
of its bone structure.
The figure seems as if he might be moving forward easily.
There's nothing static about him.
Look at the fringe.
Look at the way that the drapes fall down.
- [Beth] Really showing off
what the artist could do with marble.
It's important to remember too,
that this sculpture was once painted.
His eyes, his pupils, his hair, his uniform,
these things were brightly painted.
And he raises his right hand
as if in the midst of addressing his troops.
He's got his weight on his right leg.
His left leg is bent.
This is contrapposto, directly borrowed
from ancient Greek art.
This is a natural position for the body, a relaxed position,
but also one that gives it a sense of being alive.
- [Steven] But here, the sculptor is borrowing
more than just the position of the body.
This seems to be an almost direct copy
of a sculpture by a very famous ancient Greek artist,
whose name is Polykleitos,
specifically a sculpture called the Doryphoros.
- [Beth] To recall the golden age of Greece,
implying that Augustus was bringing a golden age to Rome.
- [Steven] And that Rome is the inheritor
of the great Greek tradition.
It's also reflected in a subtle symbol
at the feet of the emperor.
Now at first glance, this may look like a little angel.
In fact, it's a cupid,
and Cupid was the son of the goddess Venus.
- [Beth] And Cupid is riding a dolphin,
which reminds us that Venus was born from the sea.
- [Steven] What's important here
is that Augustus has chosen this cupid
because he linked his lineage
back to the ancient hero Aeneas.
Aeneas who had come from Greece, and therefore
he traces his lineage back to Venus.
In other words, he was descended from the gods.
- [Beth] His face is youthful; it's beautiful.
He has these lovely, high cheekbones.
He raises his eyebrows just slightly
to create some lines in his forehead
to indicate a seriousness and nobility.
But we know that he was older
when these sculptures were made,
and so the artist is intentionally idealizing Augustus,
making him more youthful, more athletic
than he was in reality.
And this too looks back
to the ancient Greek tradition from the classical period
of creating beautiful, idealized figures.
- [Steven] And it's simultaneously in contrast
to the old Republican tradition of portraits
that represented age and experience
through the lines of the face,
through the imperfections of the face.
- [Beth] So Augustus is inventing a new tradition
for the portraiture of Roman emperors,
one that idealizes instead of emphasizing
that dignity that comes with age.
- [Steven] Let's turn to the cuirass,
to that armored breast plate,
which is probably representing something
made out of a hardened leather.
It is absolutely full of imagery.
- [Beth] And it tells us so much
about Augustus and his great achievements,
focusing in the center on a figure which may be
the personification of Rome itself, the goddess Roma.
- [Steven] We don't really know that the figure
on the left is Roma.
It's a good guess, but scholars are arguing about this.
What we do know is that whoever it is
that figure represents Rome.
- [Beth] And on the right,
we see a Parthian who's handing over a standard
that may symbolically represent the hundred or so
standards that were returned to Rome
after this decisive victory.
And at the top, we see an Eagle,
which is typical of these standards.
Augustus is getting back those important military symbols.
And the Parthian himself wears baggy trousers.
He has a beard.
He could easily be read as a barbarian,
as a foreigner, as a Parthian.
- [Steven] Just below this pair,
we see Tellus the goddess of earth.
She lounges back and holds two infants.
And above, a personification of the sky.
- [Beth] Holding up the clouds.
- [Steven] We see the ancient Greek god, Apollo,
holding a lyre and on the opposite side
we see the goddess Diana and her stag.
- [Beth] And above those two divine figures,
we see representations of captives.
- [Steven] Referring to important
earlier victories by Augustus.
And just above the captives, on either side,
we see on the left a personification of the sun,
and on the right a personification either of
the dawn or perhaps the moon.
- [Beth] Overall, we get this impression
that Rome's victory over its enemies,
this expansion of its empire,
is something that is divinely ordained.
And that Augustus is this divinely ordained
leader of the Roman empire.
(jazzy piano music)