JUDY WOODRUFF: The fallout from the 2008 global financial crisis revealed that some of the
world's largest and most powerful banks were deeply involved in an array of risky and reckless
financial dealings that helped bring down the economy.
As Paul Solman tells us, Germany's giant Deutsche Bank took a particularly aggressive tack,
the consequences of which are still playing out today.
His conversation is part of our regular series on business and economics, Making Sense.
PAUL SOLMAN: Deutsche Bank began by funding German industry and risky railroads in the
19th century, helped bankroll the Nazis in the 20th. From the end of World War II to
the '90s, it was a traditional lender.
But as global finance went high-tech, high-risk, Deutsche Bank joined the game, becoming a
banker to Russian oligarchs, Iran, and the principal lender to Donald Trump before he
ran for office after he'd gone bankrupt.
By 2008, it had become one of the three largest banks in the world.
David Enrich, finance editor at The New York Times, has been covering the bank for years.
The story is now in one place, "Dark Towers: Deutsche Bank, Donald Trump and an Epic Trail
of Destruction."
David Enrich, welcome.
So, start us off with. The bank's beginnings?
DAVID ENRICH, Author, "Dark Towers: Deutsche Bank, Donald Trump and an Epic Trail of Destruction":
The bank was founded in 1870.
As you said, it was usually doing -- lending to big German companies and European companies
that were trying to spread their wings internationally. It was a very traditional, kind of conservative,
not very interesting lender for most of its first 12 decades.
It's running with the Nazis and help for the Nazis was kind of the exception that proved
the rule during that period.
PAUL SOLMAN: You say -- you write that it helped fund Auschwitz.
DAVID ENRICH: It helped fund the construction of Auschwitz. It helped fund the construction
of the factory that manufactured poison gas that was used in Auschwitz.
It helped with the Aryanization process, taking over Jewish-owned businesses throughout Europe.
PAUL SOLMAN: And it got rid of its own Jewish bankers.
DAVID ENRICH: Yes. I mean, that was the first thing it did. So, it was very much a party
to the genocide.
PAUL SOLMAN: When did it become a high-risk high roller?
DAVID ENRICH: This started in the 1990s.
So, Deutsche Bank's leaders had watched as one big American bank after another started
developing a huge Wall Street franchise that was competing internationally and starting
to win business, not only from German companies, but even in some cases from the German government.
And Deutsche Bank, which is the national champion in Germany, obviously, it looked at the situation
and said, if the Wall Street firms are coming to Germany, we should be going to Wall Street.
And so they acquired a couple of investment banks. They hired thousands and thousands
of investment bankers from kind of the most aggressive firms in Wall Street at the time,
Merrill Lynch, Lehman Brothers, Bankers Trust.
And they built, virtually from scratch and virtually overnight, one of the biggest, most
aggressive trading -- sales and trading operations that Wall Street had ever seen. And it just
went head over head over heels, I think very recklessly in hindsight, trying to compete.
PAUL SOLMAN: Lots of people, lots of banks went recklessly at that point.
DAVID ENRICH: That's true.
PAUL SOLMAN: The two ahead of it -- I looked it up -- and by 2008, the only two that were
larger actually don't exist anymore.
DAVID ENRICH: Yes, that is absolutely true.
This was -- it was very much a creature of the era in which it was operating. And this
was a period in the '80s and then in the '90s and into the -- obviously into the 2000s,
where all the rage, in Washington and London and many capitals of the world, were very
much operating under this assumption that big private companies can look after themselves,
and the government doesn't need to interfere in how they're being run.
PAUL SOLMAN: OK. So why the relationship with Donald Trump, and when, exactly?
DAVID ENRICH: So, the relationship started in the late 1990s.
Deutsche Bank at that time was trying to make a name for itself on Wall Street, trying to
build its brand in the United States. And there are all these other, much more established
banks out there.
And Donald Trump at the time had defaulted over and over again -- or his businesses had
-- on loans from a wide array of banks. And so he was basically off-limits to the mainstream
financial industry.
Donald Trump needed banks that had higher tolerances for risk and less interest in their
client's reputation. And Deutsche Bank needed clients who were essentially unbankable to
normal financial institutions. So they were kind of made for each other.
PAUL SOLMAN: Both Trump and Deutsche Bank's loans to Trump made money, right?
DAVID ENRICH: Well, it depends how you calculate it.
And over the past 20 years, Deutsche Bank has lent on the order of about $2 billion
to Trump. He's defaulted on two of those, at least. And one of those is -- was a bond
offer and that the Deutsche Bank did for its clients, so that cost the Deutsche Bank's
clients money, not the bank itself.
And the other was a huge loan to finance the construction of a Chicago skyscraper in 2005...
PAUL SOLMAN: Oh, yes, right.
DAVID ENRICH: ... which Trump defaulted on in 2008.
As it turned out, another arm of the bank came and essentially bailed out its other
arm by making another loan to Donald Trump. And so that essentially wiped out the losses
the bank would have faced.
So, by my accounting, this has not actually been a money-losing exercise for Deutsche
Bank.
PAUL SOLMAN: Right.
DAVID ENRICH: And, in fact, Deutsche Bank can afford to charge higher fees because Trump
was completely unbankable by any other institution.
So there was nowhere else really for him to turn. And from Trump's standpoint, this has
been enormously helpful. I mean, he -- no other bank would touch him, and he wouldn't
have the business empire that he has today, he probably wouldn't be in the White House
today, were it not for this relationship.
PAUL SOLMAN: Would he really not be President Donald Trump if not for the relationship with
Deutsche Bank?
DAVID ENRICH: I mean, that's obviously an impossible thing to measure, even though I
keep saying it.
(LAUGHTER)
DAVID ENRICH: And I think the reality is that Trump wouldn't have been able to go on the
building-and-buying spree that he went on the past half-dozen years were it not for
Deutsche Bank, whether it was converting the old post office building here in Washington
into a luxury hotel, which is something he used repeatedly as a prop on the campaign
trail.
PAUL SOLMAN: Right.
DAVID ENRICH: Building this huge skyscraper in Chicago, purchasing the Doral golf resort
in Florida.
And so the list of things that Trump has built or bought due to Deutsche Bank, it's a very
long list. He also -- he would use Deutsche Bank as a prop on the campaign trail, pointing
-- when people would -- like Hillary Clinton, would say, you have a horrible record as a
businessman, no banks will touch you, he could accurately say, wait just a second. One of
the world's biggest banks is very happy with me as a customer.
PAUL SOLMAN: And this was during the era of innumerable -- well, I guess there are numerable
scandals, but there are a lot of them, all associated with Deutsche Bank, right?
DAVID ENRICH: Yes.
They had more money-laundering schemes than I can even count off the top of my head. They
were evading taxes. They were bribing people. They were violating international sanctions.
Look at any major financial scandal in the past 10 or 15 years, Deutsche Bank has been
at or near the center.
PAUL SOLMAN: Executives at Deutsche Bank knew what was going on, right, with all these scandals?
DAVID ENRICH: Yes, they knew about, and in some times -- in some cases, participated
in these scandals, and, in other cases, really tried to deal with the bad behavior.
And one executive named Colin Fan, who was one of the top executives of the bank, went
so far as to give a video message to all of its -- all of the bank's employees, telling
them to watch how they communicate about the wrongdoing they're committed.
And that became a bit of a viral sensation on the Internet, because people noting that
Colin Fan wasn't saying, stop misbehaving. He was saying, stop communicating in writing
about your misbehavior.
PAUL SOLMAN: But it was saved, wasn't it, by one of its -- or several of its employees
in 2008? It didn't go under in 2008.
DAVID ENRICH: That's right.
A number of traders made a huge bet that the U.S. housing market was going to collapse.
And they engineered these gigantic transactions, where they stood to profit on the collapse
of that market. And those bets largely, I think, did save Deutsche Bank at the time.
PAUL SOLMAN: The book is "Dark Towers."
David Enrich, the author, thank you very much.
DAVID ENRICH: Thank you.
JUDY WOODRUFF: An example, a reminder of why news reporting matters so very much.