all right we're gonna watch this now guys one day the last star will die and the universe will turn
dark forever it will probably be a red dwarf a tiny kind of star that's all yeah I think we
think maybe about 100 trillion years but like it's also worth saying you know this is a big
thing there's lots of ways the universe might turn out and we don't actually know so you know
we we think we know what's somewhat more likely at this point in time if we just extrapolate
there's no guarantees that dark energy will continue to do what it's doing
who knows also one of our Best Bets to find alien life and might be the last home of humanity before
the universe becomes uninhabitable so what do we know about them and why are they our last hope
at least 70 percent of stars in the universe are red dwarfs they are the tiniest stars out there
with only about seven to fifty percent of the mass of our sun not that much bigger than our
planet Jupiter which is still huge though they are also very dim it's impossible to see them with the
naked eye you've never seen one in the night sky even with all our technology we can only
clearly observe red dwarfs in our neighborhood approximately 20 of the 30 Stars close to Earth
are red dwarfs like all stars red dwarfs fuse hydrogen into helium but while more massive stars
accumulate all the fuse helium in their cores red dwarfs stay convective meaning that the helium
and hydrogen constantly mix keep in mind you know we like to talk in absolutes and science but like
the stuff he's describing the Stellar physics of red dwarfs is not exactly precise you know
it's we don't know there's lots of things going on in our star the sun which is an average star
that we still don't understand the 11-year cycle the polls and north south they flip we don't
understand this there's so much about our own star that we don't understand let alone red Dwarfs
and there's so much going on in red dwarfs that's different um for a long time we thought life might
not be able to like inhabit the planets around red dwarfs we know there's planets around red
dwarfs there's lots to be learned there as well that we don't know constantly learning
but we didn't think there'd be any life on those planets because they were very close
right because these stars are not as hot but uh we thought this as well because they're they're
kind of pretty close and with all of the Stellar activity going on and solar flares and the coronal
mass ejections with all the coronal mass ejections and flares we thought it would just like destroy
the planets that are quite close but recently we've realized it looks like red dwarfs actually
flare way more at their poles right and you know planets usually around this plane so the planets
might be okay there could be life actually might be these systems might be great now the optimal
systems because these stars are going to live for so long but anyway too much dolphin so they use
up their fuel incredibly slowly before they're extinguished red dwarfs burn so oh yeah maybe I
should elaborate when I'm what I'm talking about is what's happening inside the star so I'm not
talking about um what it like looks like right like uh we can see what it looks like we can't and
you know we can actually kind of see inside it in certain ways there's something called like uh uh
Stella there's like this Stellar size seismology you know seismology that we use with earthquakes
you know vibrations through the ground we can do that there's things called uh Stella like Quakes
um stock Quakes they're called uh so we can use that to appear inside and you know you might also
know there's some forms of matter that rarely interact with other things such as neutrinos and
you know the sun gives birth to some neutrinos that fly out and there's like you know billions
and a huge number of them flying through your body all the time and they can just travel through the
Earth right these things are just they're very very small and so they just don't interact much
they're the ghosts and uh so there are ways of potentially seeing inside but I'm not also
like to be able to use neutrinos to see things well then you'd have to be able to detect them
as well which we currently are not good at like you should look into the experiments of how we
detect neutrinos it's crazy you can detect them on the other side of the planet because they go
through it oh more massive stars accumulate all the fuse helium in their cores red dwarfs stay
convective meaning that the helium and hydrogen constantly mix so they use up their fuel so like
I was saying we're confident now we have a good idea because it matches predictions and
the way we can actually look into this is with computational models in our simulations we can
build models put all the physics we think is going on in there and it works and it produces something
in our simulations that matches what we see and not only that our simulations can tell us stuff
we can't see right and that that's a prediction and those predictions are keep matching as we
improve the simulations like new things and we learn so you see what I'm saying now incredibly
slowly before they're extinguished red dwarfs burn so slowly that their average lifespan is
between 1 and 10 trillion years by comparison Sun Will Survive for another 5 billion years
because the universe is only 13.75 billion years old not a single red dwarf has reached
later development stages every single one of the trillions that exist is still a baby speaking of
babies the smallest star in the entire universe is also a red dwarf because small red dwarfs are
right on the verge of being a star at all just a tiny bit less hydrogen and they are mere Brown
dwarfs failed stars that cannot sustain a fusion reaction for long so what about aliens or a new
home for Humanity since our son will die one day we'll eventually need to look for a new home and
where there are habitable planets there might also be aliens the Kepler space Observatory found that
at least half of all red dwarfs host Rock planets between half and four times the mass of our Earth
many of them are in the habitables keep in mind you know limited sample size might not
be detecting some of them so you can't just say we know that only half have we actually need to
do more research and jwst will help a lot with this as well Zone the area around a star where
water can be liquid but since red dwarves burn at relatively cold temperatures a planet would need
to be really close to be hospitable probably as close as mercury to our sun or even closer
which brings with it all kinds of problems for example a planet this close to a style would
probably be tidally locked meaning the same side would always face it this side would be
incredibly hot while the shadow side would be frozen which makes it hard for life to develop
although a planet with a big enough ocean yeah so you guys might have heard of the planet I
think we've talked about this recently as well um Trappist the Trappist system you know it's a
planet which we think might resemble Earth quite a bit but there's a problem with it and it's that
it's tidally locked so it only shows one side to this star check this out Trappist is so cool it
was it was massive in the news when we discovered this system because we realized it had all these
planets and there's like three that might I think they're in the Goldilocks zone and we're like oh
my God uh it's 40 light years so and I remember NASA released these really cool looking posters
I have this on a shirt it's like a massive it looks sick guess what you're probably gonna
miss all this and it might just happen it's a bit like how uh people in caveman times you know are
missing out on iPhones and you know seeing stuff but who really knows what's going on you know
might be able to distribute the star's energy and create some kind of stability
all the gravitational forces of the Red Dwarf could squeeze the palace and heat it up so much
that it might lose all its water over time these planets could end up like Venus a hot burning hell
another problem is that many red dwarfs vary in their energy output they can be covered in
Star spots that condemn their emitted light by up to 40 for months which would cause oceans
on planets to freeze over at other times they can emit powerful solar flares sudden outbursts
of energy incredibly powerful these red dwarfs can double their brightness in minutes another
thing to say about these solar flares it's weird because these things are smaller and not as hot
the solar flares are actually like more intense and they're more frequent it's like come on how
does that make sense there's so much going on with the Stellar physics here we do know about
and like that I'm not mentioning at all if you go study astrophysics they'll tell you all about it
like what you know it's made of because that we can know um you know the way we aren't we
we discover stuff about the universes through light and light you know thanks to like quantum
mechanical stuff we can break it down into you know uh you know you've probably heard of
Spectra right the spectrum of things so basically just know we can break up this spectrum we can
break up the light and from it thanks to Quantum Mechanics we can see what this thing is made of
because in that light there are things either missing or there are only these things emission
absorption spectrums right and that tells us those things that there because they're like
being absorbed or emitted from the thing over there it's it's quite difficult to explain and
this has directly ties into energy levels and like the way things at the atomic scale move around now
can you see why I suggested you guys yesterday if you want to go in astrophysics you're best
off to study Physics right because if you want to understand Stellar physics that's just one area
you actually have to know what's going on in quantum mechanics if you want to know what's
going on fundamentally this which could strip away sizable portions of a planet's atmosphere
and burn it rendering its sterile yeah no you're completely right man I said this yesterday as well
I said look it could be something very soon you know in the next 10 years that we can like upload
our Consciousness and you don't miss it that's why I said maybe and like you know I always try to use
maybes and likelys and this or that the other hand they're extremely long lifespan is a big plus a
red dwarf with just moderate levels of activity could be an amazing place for a planet that
hosts life life on Earth has existed for about 4 billion years and we have about a billion years
left before the sun becomes so hot the complex life on Earth will become impossible we will
either die out or leave Earth and look for a new home we could build a civilization for potentially
trillions of years around a red dwarf with the right conditions about five percent of the red
dwarfs in the Milky Way May host habitable roughly earth-sized that's a guess right
lots of guesses planet that would be more than 4 billion in total when I say yes I
mean like there's just no evidence to even know that is a complete guess right this ties into
all kinds of those fun things to think about to do with aliens and the Fermi Paradox and
the Drake equation but life may not even need a planet-like curve candidates for life around
a red dwarf maybe the moons of gas giants also called super Earths really massive rocky planets
all in all there are an estimated 60 billion potentially habitable planets around red dwarfs
and that's in the Milky Way alone so red so crazy dwarfs might become really important
for our survival in the future but everything has to die at some point even red dwarfs when
in trillions of years the life of the last Red Dwarf in the universe is about to end
it will not be a very spectacular event as its hydrogen runs out it shrinks becoming a blue
dwarf burning out completely after its fuel is spent it's transformed into a white dwarf
an object about as small as Earth packed very densely and made of degenerate gases mostly of
helium-4 nuclei having no more source of energy it will cool extremely slowly over trillions of
years until it becomes its final form a cold black dwarf white and black dwarfs are so fascinating
that they deserve their own video anyway it's going to be a long time before the last stars
in the universe vanish it's kind of uplifting to know that if Humanity succeeds in venturing into
space we have plenty of time before the universe turns out the lights there's lots of time that's
that's true another great video by kurzegov's act hope you guys enjoyed and I will just say
just for the sake of the traditional video which we'll probably edit this bit into the video is
I'm creating a post London VPN and it's literally the first one available to the
public right and this thing you know actually works and you can use it for free right now
it's got like 11 locations so go check it out in the description and that will be for the video