JUDY WOODRUFF: As the American troop withdrawal from Afghanistan is all but complete,
the Afghan army is quickly losing ground throughout the country to the Taliban.
Now, to bolster its flagging military,
the government is arming militias to help in the fight.
Special correspondent Jane Ferguson traveled to two provinces near the Capitol,
Parwan and Logar, to meet militiamen who have some Afghan leaders worried about a new civil war.
JANE FERGUSON:
On Afghanistan's front lines, militia commanders now direct battles alongside government forces.
From this abandoned house in the Ghorband Valley of Parwan province, local volunteer forces fight
to hold off the Taliban. We are only a couple of hours' drive north of the capital, Kabul.
Both the Afghan army and these men, are trying to halt the group's advances in that direction.
As soon as President Biden announced America's unconditional drawdown from Afghanistan in April,
the Taliban began a massive offensive, taking territory across the country,
as the Afghan army buckled. With major cities in danger of falling,
fighters like these were rallied to join the battle.
ABDUL ZAHIR SALANGI, Militia Commander and Member of Afghani parliament (through translator):
We thought it would be a long-term partnership under the United States leadership,
and it would last until terrorism was rooted out, not only from Afghanistan but the region.
Unfortunately, the bad decision that Mr. Biden and his supporters made
has led to a situation where thousands of Afghans are dying.
This is all because of the failure of President Biden and the American politicians.
JANE FERGUSON: Abdul Zahir Salangi says he hasn't slept in four days.
A member of Parliament, he is new to leading fighters. With the Americans gone,
his men face combat of a bygone era, long before U.S. military might came and went.
What it's like to fight without air support, without medevac, without helicopters?
ABDUL ZAHIR SALANGI (through translator):
Right now, air support is not available to us. And that adds to the rising casualty rates.
We cannot evacuate them quickly. They will die where they are injured.
JANE FERGUSON: The Taliban test the defenses here constantly.
On the roof, they show us how close their positions are, just on the hill above us.
These men have only been fighting a matter of weeks, since the national army came under
so much pressure from the Taliban. But given the intensity of the fighting in this valley,
it seems clear that the security forces in Afghanistan need all the help that they can get.
There are government security forces all around the area. The militia
hope to buoy collapsing morale amongst them. Anger at the White House's decision to leave
runs deep, but so too does the will to fight.
QAND AGHA, Volunteer Fighter (through translator): We feel left behind by the
Americans. They didn't honor the agreement. They abandoned us in the middle of the road.
But if the Taliban want to take over, they will have to kill every last person here.
JANE FERGUSON: These men have come from a different area. But local villagers are also
present. Just down the road, we came across this man offering to help the police at a small outpost
"If the Taliban came here, then they can come to my house too,"
he tells us, "so we have to defend ourselves."
As the Afghan military struggles to stop a sweeping Taliban advance across the countryside,
one that threatens to overrun the Kabul government, the authorities are asking
volunteers to join what they call popular uprisings to stand and fight alongside the army.
Some are flocking back to old established fighting groups, throwbacks to the days of
fighting Soviets and then in the civil war in the 1990s that followed the Russian withdrawal.
Further north, in the Panjshir Valley, we see young men, some clutching little more
than antique hunting rifles, prepare to go join the war effort. Signing up just a few days ago,
they are a collection of rural volunteers that America and the world never imagined
the country would need, after billions of dollars spent on the nation's armed forces.
Do you feel as though America abandoned this country?
SAMIM SHARIFI, Newly Recruited Fighter (through translator): America came
here in their own self-interest, and they have left out of their own self-interest.
We are happy they have left. We will defend our lands just
like our forefathers and ancestors did and will take up arms in self-defense.
JANE FERGUSON: Today, their leader, Ahmad Massoud,
is meeting with commanders and new recruits. He is swamped with well-wishers.
Massoud is the son of famed Afghan commander Ahmad Shah Massoud, a leader of the ethnic
Tajik fighters of Northern Afghanistan, and close ally of the U.S. who worked with the CIA to fight
the Soviets in the 1980s. He and his fighters fought the Taliban during the group's rule.
Massoud was assassinated two days before 9/11, it is believed by al-Qaida.
Once again, this stunning, bucolic valley at the mouth of the Hindu Kush Mountains,
sits at the center of organized anti-Taliban resistance.
AHMAD MASSOUD, Leader of Tajik Fighting Forces: Very nice to meet you all.
JANE FERGUSON: Good to see you again. Thank you for having us.
The "NewsHour" was granted rare access to the younger Massoud. In an interview,
he spoke candidly with us about the burden of history repeating itself here.
You must think a lot about your father right now.
AHMAD MASSOUD: Absolutely, yes.
This pressure that's on me at this time, I just -- I cannot even imagine how much of the pressure he
was actually on. And it was -- it's just, for me, the sense of the pressure, responsibility
and uncertainty what's going to. It is something which is really like, these days,
making me wish -- like, I wish he was alive.
JANE FERGUSON: Massoud is pushing the Afghan government to expand the use of militias
alongside Afghan forces. According to him, they are a desperately-needed second line of defense.
AHMAD MASSOUD: Personally, I believe that the Afghanistan government,
especially the Afghanistan armed forces, have been stretched and exhausted.
And they need to retreat, and they need to reorganize and reenergize themselves.
To do so, Afghanistan government must allow for some local resistance.
JANE FERGUSON: Not everyone agrees.
RAHMATULLAH NABIL, Former Afghan Intelligence Chief: Whatever you call it,
whether you call it resistance or militia, that war is going to become
more district to district. We are afraid that will turn more to local ethnic tension.
JANE FERGUSON: Back in Kabul, former Afghan intelligence chief,
Rahmatullah Nabil worries the new fighting groups are dangerous.
Local units are more likely to come from the same ethnic background.
Ethnic division was a devastating driver of the Afghan civil war,
when those who had fought the Soviets then turned on one another.
RAHMATULLAH NABIL: I raised my concern from day one. That will be a temporary solution.
To cover their temporary mistake, they committed a very long strategic mistake.
Everybody will try to keep their territory. Instead of defending the state, they will
defend their own interests. And that easily -- the complex situation we have in Afghanistan,
that easily can turn to become ethnic conflict.
JANE FERGUSON: It is also unclear if the militias can make a real impact on the battlefield.
If the Afghan security forces, with all of the equipment and supplies that they have been given,
and funding from the United States over the years, can't hold off the Taliban,
how is it that these resistance fighters are supposed to do that?
AHMAD MASSOUD: Well, right now, in many areas that the Taliban are not able to capture,
it's because of these resistance groups, because, when it comes to war,
and when it comes to military, like in a war, everything is not just ammunition and guns.
Morale is everything. So, the morale is everything. And, unfortunately, with
Americans' departure and Americans' withdrawal, the morale of Afghanistan's soldiers, it crashed.
JANE FERGUSON: A growing sense, however, amongst military leaders is that whoever is fighting in
Afghanistan from here on in will have to adapt to the new realities of war without
highly sophisticated weaponry, and never should have been dependent on it in the first place.
AHMAD MASSOUD: Unfortunately, Americans, in the past 20 years,
the model that they based Afghanistan army on, it's American-based model, like,
an army which is always dependent always on technology and aerial support and air support,
and also based on -- like, they always have contractors.
So, Afghanistan is a poor country, and it cannot afford those two things. So,
that is one of the major things that, after Americans withdrew, Afghan soldiers, they felt
a huge reduction in aerial support. And they could not actually, like, cope with that void.
JANE FERGUSON: South of Kabul, a different province has been arming civilians for years.
Like Parwan, Logar province also borders the capital. The Taliban have had a strong presence
here for much of the war. As they push to take the country's remaining roads and isolate the cities,
Logar's capital risks being cut off from Kabul.
Just to get there, we had to travel in a military convoy because ambushes are so common. In Logar,
irregular forces recruited from the local population already work alongside security forces.
The governor insists they have been key to keeping the city
and says he has oversight when handing out guns.
ABDUL QUAYOM RAHIMI, Governor of Logar Province: There's too much pressure on
me that everyone want weapon. And I say, OK, wait, guys, we are going to give you weapon,
but there are rules and regulations. We have to follow the rules and regulations.
JANE FERGUSON: These local fighters are in their own village,
but have been organized and paid for years to keep the Taliban at bay.
Just over this berm and across the field next to us is Taliban territory. The villagers here say,
although they have managed to hold the Taliban off, other areas have fallen.
The issue of whether to arm militia groups centers around the bad memories of the past
civil war in Afghanistan, whether the groups could precipitate another civil war, or whether it's
too late for that, and people need a means to protect themselves as the U.S. military leaves.
ABDUL QUAYOM RAHIMI: It has already started. Civil war already started. We have been saying
and repeating that. Don't leave Afghanistan without a peaceful resolution.
JANE FERGUSON: If peace, however much against the odds, cannot be salvaged now,
another generation of Afghanistan's young men will face marching off to yet more years of war.
For the "PBS NewsHour," I'm Jane Ferguson in Parwan province, Afghanistan.