during the 13th and 14th centuries Egypt
Levant and parts of Arabia were under
the mem Lux Sultanate as long as this
Sultanate was able to maintain order and
stability in Egypt the prosperity
continued to exist due to its geographic
position the Empire was a bridgehead
between European and Asian markets trade
was heavy with Mediterranean and Black
Sea ports and with India the Oriental
trade was controlled largely by a group
of Muslim merchants while the
Mediterranean trade was left to European
traders whom the Mamluks allowed certain
privileges mainly in the city of
Alexandria by the 15th century however
Egypt's commercial importance rapidly
deteriorated as a result of population
losses caused by the plague increased
government interference in local
commerce Bedouin raiding and Portuguese
competition in the oriental trade north
of this Muslim Sultanate a new power
emerged the ottomans dominated the
Balkans and Anatolia the relationship
between this new power of Anatolia and
the Mamluks had been adversarial since
the fall of Constantinople in 1453 as
others before them the whole region of
the Middle East from Anatolia to Arabia
and from Egypt to Persia meant huge
opportunities mainly in trade both
empires sought control of the spice
trade and the Ottomans aspired to
eventually take control of the holy
cities of Islam in earlier conflict
which lasted from 1485 to 1491 had led
to a stalemate with no winners by 1516
the Ottomans were free from other
concerns after pacifying some regions
Sultan Selim the first defeated the
rival Safavid Persia at the Battle of
children in 1514 the Sultan looked south
and turned its attention against the man
looks who ruled in Syria and Egypt
hoping to expand its realm into the
Middle East Selim the first attack to
dull Kadir an egyptian vassal not having
to worry about the Safavid anymore the
Ottoman Sultan assembled a great army
aim
conquering Egypt the menlik sultan spent
the winter of 1515 and the spring of
1516 preparing an army for the incoming
events he proposed leading to the
disturbed confines of Asia Minor before
beginning the March an embassy arrived
from Salim the first promising in
friendly terms to agree to Mamluk
requests to appoint an Egyptian vassal
to the Balak abdulqadir the small state
was seen as a long-standing buffer state
between the Mamluks and ottomans
the request was refused on the 18th of
May 1516 all Ashraf Kansa al Johari set
out from Cairo with a large force but it
lacked a vital piece artillery the
Mamluks marched north with confident
accompanied by music and in festivity
more like preparing for a parade than
for a possible conflict the hosts
included 15 high-ranking Emmer's 5,000
royal Mamluks and militia conscripts and
was supplemented during the march by
additional Syrian and Bedouin forces
high officers of state were also present
the Abbasid caliph sheiks and Nobles
also important members of administration
and high-ranking officials on his way
the mamluk sultan was also accompanied
by ahmed son to the late pretender to
the Ottoman throne Selim the First's
nephew he took him with honors hoping to
have an influence and attract
sympathizers from the ottoman force on
the 9th of June he entered Damascus with
great festivity advancing slowly towards
Aleppo emissaries arrived from the
Ottoman camp which under the pretense of
peace brought presents to the Sultan the
Caliph and his Vizier at Aleppo the
Mamluk governor care bay had secretly
sided with the ottomans though the
governor of Damascus had disclosed this
to the Sultan he discredited the
information a report came to salim that
his forces were advancing against them
the mamluk sultan distributed gifts to
his personal forces which displeased the
other men looks
the Mamluk army advanced and on the 20th
of August 1516 made camp at the plain of
marj dabiq even if the battle started
good for them here they suffered a
tremendous defeat mainly due to betrayal
and rumors that all Johari had ordered
the recruits to hold their positions and
to avoid combat meanwhile care bay in
command of the left flank called for a
retreat the fact that his forces were
the first to quit the field was
considered evidence of the man's
betrayal accounts vary however as to
exactly how the mamluk sultan met his
end at that battle care bay may have
spread a report of his death to create
unrest among the population salim the
first entered aleppo in triumph he was
welcomed by the inhabitants as a
liberator from the excesses of the
Mamluks the instability of the Mamluk
Sultanate was at a high level after
rumors about the Sultan's death began to
spread from Aleppo the ottomans marched
to Damascus
even if there were some attempts to
protect the city by flooding the plain
around the remnants of the Mamluk forces
had done nothing substantial to oppose
the enemy fights and discord amongst the
Emmer's and the elite had paralyzed the
army creating a bad organization and
this prevented any decisive action that
might have affected the course of events
in favor of the Mamluks
some supported the Emer John bardy
al-ghazali as the new Sultanate while
others favored the deceased rulers son
as the Ottomans approached however
resistance dissolved as remaining forces
either went over to Turkish side or fled
to Egypt Selim entered Damascus in
mid-october and the inhabitants
surrendered to the conquerors the whole
Syria fell under the rule of the
Ottomans only after a single battle the
Mamluk cavalry forces led by Jan beardie
al-ghazali attacked the ottomans that
were trying to cross the Gaza on their
way to Egypt
the ottomans led by grand vizier adam
Sinan Pasha were able to break the
Egyptian Mamluk cavalry charge all
Ghazali was wounded during the
confrontation and the leftover Mamluk
forces the next mamluk sultan - maan bay
desperately recruited troops from
various classes of society and bedouin
and also attempted to equip his armies
with quantity of cannons and firearms
but all of his last-minute efforts were
on a limited scale thus finally at the
doorstep of Cairo the Battle of red Anya
happened on the 24th of January 1517
solemn and toomin Bey faced each other
even if to maan tried with great effort
to equip his army the firearms and guns
turned out to be useless in this battle
the ottoman commander haddem Sinan Pasha
lost his life after this last
confrontation the Ottomans captured and
sacked the capital Cairo - Mon bei
regrouped in Giza there the mamluk
sultan was captured and afterwards
hang the holy Muslim cities of Mecca and
Medina submitted to the Ottoman rule
transforming the Empire to a huge
structure and to the center of the
Islamic world the rivalry between the
Ottomans and Mamluks started from a
competition over the control of the
Turkmen areas after the ottoman dynasty
became stronger and stronger mainly over
eastern Anatolia after 1514 the Ottomans
and the Mamluks became rivals in 1516
after Selim had defeated the man looks
at March Davich Ottoman goals had
probably been met especially since the
mamluk sultan died in battle but the
Mamluks rallied around a new sultan in
cairo who refused to accept Salim's
terms for a settlement
the Sultan's stubbornness crated the
motives for the Ottoman armies to
advance further until Levant and then
Egypt Selim marched against Egypt in
1517 defeated the Mamluks and installed
care bay as ottoman governor due to the
death of the Sultan and to the
instability that followed combined with
the capture of Egyptian capital resulted
in a whole
annexation the whole Mamluk realm
including Levant Egypt and important
parts of Arabia became territories
within the Ottoman Empire after the
collapse of this Sultanate the Mamluk
elite still existed though they
collaborated with the Ottoman government
they often defied it and ultimately came
to dominate it the history of Ottoman
Egypt concerns the process by which the
conquered man looks reasserted their
power within these lands the conquest of
the Mamluk Empire also opened new
opportunities for the expanding Ottomans
more to the west coasts of northern
Africa were incorporated to the Empire
after the conquest of Tunis in Algeria
under the ottomans egypt was a difficult
province for the Sultan's to control due
in part to the continuing power and
influence of the Mamluks this was the
Egyptian military elite who had ruled
the country for centuries
Egypt remained a sort of semi-autonomous
region under the control of
Constantinople until it was invaded by
the French forces of Napoleon in 1798
but this is a story for another time if
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