[Music]
nasa thinks there could be enough water
on the moon to create a lunar base and
support humans living there
welcome to watch mojo and today we're
counting down our picks for the top 10
biggest scientific discoveries in 2020
the biggest explosion seen in the
universe has been found
the study worked with dozens of doctors
and researchers across the u.s and uk
and these individuals worked with google
health to train
an artificial intelligence system to
spot breast cancer
for this list we're looking at amazing
discoveries announced in 2020
that added something new to our
scientific understanding of the world
we won't be including vaccines for covet
19
although they are definitely good news
let us know in the comments which you're
most excited about
if you like what you're hearing be sure
to check out the full song at the link
below
that i don't know what to do
number 10 the first extra galactic
planet
in 1992 history was made when
astronomers finally confirmed the
existence of the first
exoplanets that is planets in a star
system other than our own
science has come a long way and in 2020
it was announced
that the first extra galactic planet had
been discovered
a planet in a different galaxy the
planet is in a binary star system with a
normal star and another stranger
object that may be a neutron star or a
black hole
in either case it's strong enough to rip
the larger star apart
and this process is producing x-rays by
studying these x-rays
scientists were able to observe a
planetary transit
incredible considering it happened over
23 million light years away
number nine ghost particles in
antarctica
neutrinos are particles that are so
difficult to detect
their widely nicknamed ghost particles
neutrinos are fundamental particles of
the universe
born in the incredible energy of the big
bang they can tell us about everything
from the birth of the universe
to the nuclear reactions that power our
cities they have
next to no mass and barely interact with
gravity
but this year the antarctic impulsive
transient antenna detected neutrinos
passing through the ice at a bizarre
angle
as though the neutrinos were coming from
inside the earth
itself anita stands for the antarctic
impulsive transient antenna
it flies over the antarctic continent as
a stratospheric balloon payload
and looks for the signatures of
high-energy neutrinos that
crash into some atom in the ice
this led to theories that the particles
are coming from a quote
parallel universe where time runs
backward
this is most likely not true but these
observations have taught us much more
about these most mysterious particles
and how they interact with the ice at
the south pole
number eight the largest known explosion
if a black hole explodes and no one is
around to see it
did it happen we recently discovered the
cavity left behind by the largest known
explosion ever detected
roughly 390 million light years away
from earth
in the ophiuchus galaxy cluster the
biggest explosion
seen in the universe has been found
this record-breaking gargantuan eruption
came from a black hole in a distant
galaxy cluster
hundreds of millions of light years away
this explosion didn't come at the end of
the black hole's lifespan however
in fact the black hole is still there
it's a super massive black hole
millions of times bigger than our sun
which seems to have spewed out a massive
jet of radiation and matter
this happens when matter falling toward
the black hole is redirected into jets
or beams that blast outward into space
and slam into any surrounding material
the vacuum left behind
is 15 times larger than the milky way
galaxy
number seven water on the moon we've
known there's ice on the moon for a long
time
but in 2020 it was confirmed that liquid
water exists on the lunar surface
we already knew that there was water ice
hidden on the moon's
desert-like surface but now the thinking
is these pockets of water
some no bigger than a penny could be
much more common
and accessible than we previously
thought nasa's sophia
a flying observatory loaded onto an
airliner has detected water molecules on
the near side of the moon
the molecules aren't close enough to
each other to form pools but this
is still incredibly significant with
space agencies planning to return to the
moon
another nasa study suggested that more
water ice than previously thought could
be trapped in pockets and shadowed
regions
nasa thinks there could be enough water
on the moon to create a lunar base
and support humans living there these
discoveries mean that astronauts could
draw upon a local supply of water from
the moon itself
rather than depending exclusively on
frequent deliveries from earth
number six the origin of carbon
all life on earth is based on carbon the
fourth most common chemical element in
the universe
but it wasn't until 2020 that we had a
solid theory on how
carbon actually forms it turns out that
white dwarfs
the stellar cores of dead stars are the
primary source of carbon in the galaxy
this is because white dwarf stars are
better able to fuse heavier elements
like carbon
as well as oxygen compared with main
sequence stars
the latter typically fuse hydrogen the
lightest element into helium
dying when they exhaust their fuel
number five
the first image of a system with
multiple exoplanets
extra galactic planets are all well and
good but there are plenty of planetary
mysteries here in the milky way
while we've been able to photograph
exoplanets a few times before
2020 marked the first photograph of a
multi-planet system around a sun-like
star
the image was captured in july by the
european southern observatory
and shows the star and the two gas
giants orbiting it
we also found out this year that new
mathematical modeling used by nasa
suggests
many exoplanets may have oceans and that
more than
half of sun-like stars in our galaxy
could host planets in the goldilocks
zone
number four dr deepmind we may be wary
of artificial intelligence but
there are some things that ai is far
better at doing
like diagnosing breast cancer the study
worked with
dozens of doctors and researchers across
the u.s and uk
and these individuals worked with google
health to train
an artificial intelligence system to
spot breast cancer
it was recently found out that google's
deep mind ai was actually
better at reading mammograms and
detecting breast cancer early than
doctors
in clinical trials the ai reduced
instances of both false positives
and false negatives but don't worry deep
mind isn't going to be a replacement for
doctors that make informed decisions
based on patient history
it's going to work alongside medical
professionals as an invaluable tool to
help fight one of the most common
cancers
in the world this mammogram shows
malignancy outlined in yellow that all
six radiologists missed but our
algorithm caught
however there were also cases that are
that all six radiologists caught
but the algorithm didn't and so it's
clear that they're making
hopefully complementary decisions number
three synthetic red blood cells
we may not have superpowers yet but we
could
soon have superpowered blood cells red
blood cells contain hemoglobin
which is what makes them red and carry
oxygen from our lungs to our hearts and
then to the rest of our body
scientists have managed to create
synthetic red blood cells that can do
even more
they're created by coating donated cells
in silica which is then covered with
positively and negatively charged
polymers
this creates artificial cells that are
the same size shape
and just as flexible they've worked well
in mice
and could become a new way to detect
toxins deliver therapeutic drugs
and fight cancer number two the first
video of atoms forming chemical bonds
atoms are so small that we need
extremely powerful electron microscopes
to study them
a lot of our knowledge is based on
inference rather than
actually watching them doing their thing
but now the first ever video of atoms
forming and breaking bonds to create
molecules has been filmed by physicists
who trapped two rhenium atoms in a
carbon nanotube
it may be hard to believe that the
grainy footage came from 2020 but
it is the cutting edge of science and
one of the most remarkable things
ever seen the technique will enable us
to study atoms like never before
before we unveil our top pick here are
some honorable mentions
signs of life on venus phosphine
detected in the venusian cloud belt
could be a sign of microbial life
finding a gas like this on venus is
really exciting
because of the possibility that it could
have also been produced
by life like it is on the earth what do
mummys sound like
an egyptian mummy's vocal cords were 3d
printed
wonder chicken this fossilized fowl is a
missing link between dinosaurs and birds
we have discovered the world's oldest
modern bird
fossil this is a fossil from just a few
hundred thousand years before the
asteroid struck
and wiped out the giant dinosaurs about
66.02 million years ago
before we continue be sure to subscribe
to our channel and ring the bell to get
notified about our latest videos
you have the option to be notified for
occasional videos or all of them
if you're on your phone make sure you go
into your settings and switch on
notifications
number one brain cancer vaccine in 2019
researchers published a study showing
that they'd successfully treated bone
cancer in dogs with a new type of
immunotherapy
they'd managed to create a vaccine from
the cancerous tumors themselves
by summer 2020 these findings were being
used to develop vaccines for human
cancers
specifically certain brain cancers every
time
that we conduct a clinical trial every
time we make a breakthrough
in a dog or a cat with a new excellent
response to a novel therapy
i think about the people that can
benefit from that it's still early days
but the treatment has been approved to
enter clinical trials by the fda
in the u.s if successful it could mean
we have an amazing new treatment for
human cancer that doesn't require
chemotherapy
and at the very least this is good news
for man's best friend
do you agree with our picks let us know
in the comments and hey
if you're a fan of the song playing
right now be sure to check out the music
video for it right here
[Music]
you