Voiceover: All over our body we have blood vessels
and in those blood vessels we've talked about
how we have lots of different kind of blood cells.
We have some red blood cells that I'm drawing here.
But if you watched our immune system videos
you'll also know that we have some T-Cells
and some B-Cells and some macrophages
and some platelets.
And all in all actually there's pretty much 10 different
kinds of blood cells that we have in our blood at all times.
In this video I'd like to talk a little bit about where
they're made, which you might already know.
And also from what precursor cells they're made,
because cells don't just come out of nowhere
they come from precursor cells that divide
and produce new ones.
So do you know where all these cells come from?
Where they're made?
I'm going to draw the answer cartoonish as always
and not to scale with this blood vessel.
So here's a bone and the answer is that
all these cells come from the bone marrow,
which is inside the bone here.
Voiceover: Now when I first heard this I thought
to myself, "How is it possible that blood cells come
"from inside the bone, get through the surface
"of the bone and get into blood vessels?"
Well you might be surprised to know that all
these bones are actually profuse with blood vessels
themselves, they're very small and difficult to see.
So it's actually quite easy for cells to hop into
these blood vessels and go into blood vessels
of the body.
But now let's talk about those precursor cells.
So it turns out and this is something
that we didn't know for a long time.
But it turns out that there's one powerful stem cell
in your bone morrow that can make all 10 kinds
of blood cells and that one cell, that very powerful cell,
has a bit of a complicated name which we'll write out here.
It's called a pluripotent ...
Pluripotent if you're good with your latin you know
that this means, I guess, "Able to do a lot of things."
That might be a poor translation but anyway.
Pluripotent hematopoietic because hematopoiesis
is the process of producing blood cells.
So that's pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell.
Because Stem Cells as you may know are cells
that can divide into multiple different kinds of cells.
And now I'd like to ask you a question which is,
do you think that a macrophage which,
if you watched the immunology video as you know,
is a big phagocytic cell so it's like to swallow
invaders or debris, do you think that the macrophage
is more closely related to a B-Cell which
as you know produces anti-bodies or a red-blood cell?
You might be surprised by the answer.
The answer is actually macrophage is more closely
related to the red blood cell, which is kind of weird
because macrophages and B-Cells are both immune cells.
And red blood cells are not.
This pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell gives rise
to two main lineages and I'll draw them here.
The first is the myeloid lineage ...
And the other is the lymphoid lineage.
So when this pluripotent cell here first divides,
It can give rise to one of these or one of these.
And these are also precursor cells to the 10 kinds
of red blood cells that we actually find in our blood.
So these are not the ones that are going to end up
in our blood, these are guys who sit in the bone marrow
and make the cells that end up in our blood.
So now it turns out that this lymphoid progenitor cell
can make actually three different kinds of immune cells
in our body, it makes an NK cell ...
It makes a B cell ...
And it can make a T Cell.
And this is three out of our ten blood cells
that we talked about and so the other seven
are going to be from the myeloid lineage.
And one of those is, as you could've guessed ...
The red blood cell.
Another is the megakaryocyte which you may not
remember what it does so I'll tell you in a moment
but try to remember.
The megakaryocyte is actually what makes platelets.
So the megakaryocyte buds off little pieces
of it's cytoplasm surrounded by membrane
and these are platelets.
But the myeloid lineage also makes a bunch of immune cells
in addition to the red blood cells and the platelets.
And you may not have heard of these,
so I'll just list them here.
One of them is the neutrophil, that one
you're most likely to have heard of
and there's two other cells
which are very similar to the neutrophil,
one is called the basophil ...
And one is called the eosinophil.
And don't feel too bad about not having heard
about these because they're actually pretty rare
in your blood, they are there,
but there aren't many of them.
And then there's also a monocyte which is fairly
similar to these three above and the monocyte
is actually what becomes a macrophage later on.
You're probably familiar with macrophage,
a monocyte is just a slightly less differentiated
version of a macrophage.
And finally, there's also mast cells.
And mast cells are the ones that ...
So these are our seven other cells ...
and as you can see what we said in the very beginning
is in fact true.
The red blood cell is more closely related
to the monocyte or the macrophage than is a B cell
or a T cell or something like that.
And now I'm adding an addendum to this video
to mention one other kind of cell that we've talked
about in the past videos but that I didn't put on this chart.
And that kind of cell is the dendritic cell,
it's one of the antigen presenting cells that we talked
about and I want to ask you, do you think
the dendritic cell comes from the myeloid lineage
or the lymphoid lineage?
And it's actually a trick question because
the answer is it comes from both.
So we have some dendritic cells that I'm drawing here,
which come from the myeloid lineage.
And some which I'm drawing right next to it
which come from the lymphoid lineage.
And it turns out that the ones that come from
the myeloid lineage are created from monocytes
whereas the ones that come from the lymphoid lineage
are not really descendants of B or T cells,
they come from some lymphoid precursor.
So dendritic cells are kind of a weird exception
they can be made from either line and I wanted to
add yet another piece of information hopefully
not overloading this too much just to remind you
once again that monocytes in addition to
becoming dendritic cells can also become macrophages.
And macrophages we are certainly familiar with,
At least we've talked about them in the other videos.
So here's a macrophage, and macrophages
if you remember are kind of like sentinels,
they sit out in the tissues and watch for invaders
and dendritic cells also behave like that.
So what about this monocyte?
Does he do the same thing?
Well actually no, it turns out the monocyte
is kind of like a circulating version of macrophages
or dendritic cells.
So what do I mean by circulating?
I mean that it's actually in the blood.
So monocytes move around in the blood
and then when they go into the tissues to settle down
and become sentinels, that's when they are turned
into either macrophages or dendritic cells.